Anatomy of Bursae

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a bursa?

To decrease friction between structures (correct)

To produce red blood cells

To support bone strength

To store energy

Where are major bursae typically found in the body?

Brain and spinal cord

Shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee (correct)

Heart and lungs

Stomach and intestines

What is bursitis?

The growth of new bone tissue

A disease affecting the heart valves

A condition characterized by bone weakening

Inflammation of a bursa due to excessive friction (correct)

What substance is contained within a bursa to help decrease friction?

Synovial fluid Signup and view all the answers

Why are bursae typically difficult to palpate?

They are located deeply between bones and large tendons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the protein keratin in the epidermis?

To provide a protective barrier Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin contains hair follicles and glands?

Dermis Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue makes up the hypodermis?

Loose connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Where is melanin produced?

Epidermis Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature gives us tactile sensitivity on the fingertips?

Increased number of nerve cells in the dermis Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the hypodermis?

Superficial fascia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs is included in the lymphoid organs?

spleen Signup and view all the answers

What helps propel lymph along in the lymphatic system?

skeletal muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

What can cause swelling and fullness in lymph nodes?

viral or bacterial infections Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regions is NOT mentioned as having dense clusters of lymph nodes?

abdominal region Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is NOT a lymphoid organ?

heart Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from inefficient circulation of lymph?

edema Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibers does fibrous cartilage have?

Collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

Where is fibrous cartilage found in the body?

Between vertebrae and the meniscus of the knee Signup and view all the answers

The collagen network in fibrous cartilage helps it resist which types of forces?

Pulling, compressing, and shearing forces Signup and view all the answers

Why is fibrous cartilage considered an ideal cushion?

Because it allows slight movement and resists forces Signup and view all the answers

What function do the structures cushioned by fibrous cartilage have?

Enhancing joint continuity and cushioning joint surfaces Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage has the highest proportion of elastic fibers?

Elastic cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Where is hyaline cartilage commonly found?

Between the ribs and the sternum Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of hyaline cartilage?

To reduce friction during movement Signup and view all the answers

What can result from damage to hyaline cartilage?

Osteoarthritis Signup and view all the answers

What unique property of cartilage limits its ability to heal following injury?

Absence of blood vessels and nerves Signup and view all the answers

How does hyaline cartilage respond to increased activity?

By thickening and enhancing cushioning ability Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are mechanically responsible for human movement?

Bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, fascia Signup and view all the answers

Which structures help protect, nourish, regulate, and support the function of movement-related structures?

Skin, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves Signup and view all the answers

What function does the skin NOT perform?

Produces blood cells Signup and view all the answers

How does the skin help us interact with the outside environment?

Through its sensory receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the roles of blood vessels mentioned in the content?

Helping protect and support other structures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of tendons that contributes to their strength and elasticity?

Collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the function of tendons?

Tendons connect muscles to bones. Signup and view all the answers

What features distinguish tendons from bones and ligaments?

Tendons are denser and smoother than muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What type of tendons would you likely find in the arm and wrist?

Long and cable-like tendons Signup and view all the answers

In what way do tendons change similar to muscles?

Both tendons and muscles stretch and contract during movements. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of blood vessels?

To circulate blood throughout the body Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessels are the smallest in size?

Capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What should you be cautious of when palpating near blood vessels?

Damaging lymphatic structures Signup and view all the answers

What does palpating a pulse under your fingers indicate?

Compression of a blood vessel, particularly an artery Signup and view all the answers

What substances are exchanged in capillaries?

Gases, nutrients, and waste products Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle tissue is responsible for movements at joints?

Skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle type is primarily found in the walls of hollow organs and vessels?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle tissue is classified as involuntary and located in the heart?

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle tissue creates the pulsing action to circulate blood?

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle type cannot be consciously controlled?

Both a and b Signup and view all the answers

To which main type of body tissue does muscle belong?

Muscle tissue Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary movement structures that are considered connective tissues?

Bone, tendons, ligaments, fascia Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue has high levels of ground substance and fewer fibers?

Loose connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue is characterized by its high collagen fiber content and supportive function around bones?

Dense connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of plasma in the extracellular matrix makes fluid connective tissue watery?

90% Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of fluid connective tissue?

Blood and lymph Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is strong due to the additional calcium salts deposited in its ground substance?

Supporting connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

In what direction do nerve impulses travel?

From dendrite to axon Signup and view all the answers

What does each nerve bundle into according to microscopic observation?

Fascicles Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bursae

Bursae are small, flattened sacs that contain synovial fluid, a lubricant that helps decrease friction and create gliding movement between structures.
They are located in areas of friction in the body, such as where muscles or tendons have to glide over bony prominences.
Major bursae are found around the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee.
Bursae are fibrous, soft, and pillow-like when palpated, but normally difficult to palpate because they reside between bones and large tendons.

Cartilage

Cartilage is a type of supporting connective tissue that varies in consistency and function by the proportion of proteins distributed through its matrix.
Because cartilage does not contain blood vessels or nerves, it has a limited ability to heal following injury.
There are three types of cartilage in the body: elastic cartilage, hyaline cartilage, and fibrous cartilage.
Elastic cartilage has the highest proportion of elastic fibers and is found in the nose and ears, where it creates a structure that is self-supporting but flexible.
Hyaline cartilage is found in the voice box, between the ribs and the sternum, and on the surfaces of bones where they form joints.
Hyaline cartilage is smooth and rubbery and helps reduce friction during movement.
Damage to hyaline cartilage can result in chronic inflammation of the joint, commonly termed osteoarthritis.

Blood Vessels

Blood vessels are part of the circulatory system, the pathway by which blood flows throughout the body.
The circulation of blood is necessary to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues and remove wastes.
Blood vessels vary in size from large arteries and veins to smaller arterioles and venules to the smallest capillaries.
The network of blood vessels is woven throughout the body, existing side by side with lymphatic structures, nerves, and the structures of movement.
Use caution when palpating near these structures to avoid damaging them.

Lymphoid Organs

Lymphoid organs include the lymph nodes, as well as larger organs such as the spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, and Peyer's patches of the intestine.
All of these organs are critical to the body's immune system.
The lymphatic system is not pressurized in the same way as the circulatory system, as it has no pump comparable to the heart.
The circulation of lymph relies heavily on skeletal muscle contraction and body movement.
Breathing and the pulsation of nearby arteries also help propel lymph along.
When lymph does not circulate efficiently, the tissue develops edema, an abnormal accumulation of fluid.

Lymph Nodes

Lymph nodes cluster in certain areas of the body, such as the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions.
Lymph nodes are usually small, shaped like a kidney bean, and pliable when healthy.
Diseases such as viral or bacterial infections can prompt enlargement of the associated lymph nodes, making them feel swollen and full.

Structure of the Skin

The skin is composed of three tissue layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.
The epidermis is epithelial tissue, containing several thin layers of cells, which produce a protective protein called keratin and a pigment protein called melanin.
The epidermis also contains defensive cells that protect against foreign substances.
Beneath the epidermis is an underlying dermis, which is mostly dense connective tissue.
The dermis contains hair follicles, glands, nerves, blood vessels, and tiny muscles.
The hypodermis lies beneath the dermis, containing adipose cells that cushion and protect underlying structures.

SPECIAL STRUCTURES

Skin, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, nerves, cartilage, and bursae are all special structures that contribute to healthy and efficient movement.
Each of these structures plays a critical role in supporting the mechanical function of bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and fascia.

Tendons

The dense connective tissue that surrounds muscles converges to form a tendon, which connects the muscle to a bone.
Tendons contain abundant collagen fibers, giving them strength and elasticity as they transmit the forces produced by muscles into joint movement.
Tendons come in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on their function and location.
Like muscles, tendons change shape as they stretch and contract, helping us differentiate them from bones and ligaments.
They are also denser and smoother than muscles.

Connective Tissue

Connective tissue is the most abundant type of tissue in the body, found in nearly all structures involved in human movement.
Primary movement structures, such as bone, tendons, ligaments, and fascia, are considered connective tissues.
Support tissues, such as cartilage, adipose tissue, and blood, are also classified as connective tissue.
There are four types of connective tissue: loose, dense, fluid, and supporting connective tissue.
Loose connective tissue has high levels of ground substance and fewer fibers.
Dense connective tissue is thicker and stronger with more collagen fibers and less ground substance.
Fluid connective tissue is watery because of the presence of plasma.
Supporting connective tissue is strong and solid because of the additional calcium salts deposited in its ground substance.

Nerves

Nerves are parts of the nervous system, including the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
Nerves carry impulses, such as sensory impulses and motor nerve impulses.
The function of nerves is to conduct impulses from one part of the body to another part.
The impulse will always travel in a single direction, from dendrite to axon.

Muscle

Muscle is one of the four main types of body tissue.
There are three types of muscle in the human body: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle.
Smooth muscle is present in the walls of hollow organs, vessels, and respiratory passageways, and functions in digestion, urinary excretion, reproduction, circulation, and breathing.
Cardiac muscle makes up the wall of the heart and creates the pulsing action necessary to circulate blood through the body.
Skeletal muscles are connected to bones and create movements at joints, and are under our conscious control.

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Description

Learn about bursae, small sacs that reduce friction and facilitate movement between structures in the body. Understand their location and function in protecting soft tissue from damage.