Anatomy and Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which anatomical plane divides the body into top and bottom portions?

  • Transverse (correct)
  • Oblique
  • Sagittal
  • Frontal

Movements such as flexion and extension primarily occur within which plane?

  • Sagittal (correct)
  • Transverse
  • Oblique
  • Frontal

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the axial skeleton?

  • Ribs
  • Vertebral column
  • Shoulder girdle (correct)
  • Skull

Which type of diarthrodial joint allows movement in all planes?

<p>Enarthrodial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Abduction and adduction movements typically occur around which axis of rotation?

<p>Sagittal axis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is classified as an irregular bone?

<p>Vertebrae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plane of motion is primarily associated with rotations?

<p>Transverse plane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hemopoiesis within the skeletal system?

<p>Blood cell formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following connective tissues directly connects muscle to bone?

<p>Tendon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of fascia in the musculoskeletal system?

<p>To envelop muscles and organs, facilitating movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the origin of a muscle?

<p>The proximal, less movable attachment point (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle fiber arrangement allows for the greatest shortening velocity and range of motion?

<p>Parallel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a bicep curl, when lowering the weight slowly, what type of contraction is occurring in the biceps muscle?

<p>Eccentric (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of a bicep curl, what is the role of the bicep muscle?

<p>Agonist (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a pennate muscle fiber arrangement from a parallel arrangement?

<p>Pennate fibers are arranged at an oblique angle to the muscle's long axis and have a greater force production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an isometric muscle contraction?

<p>Holding a plank position. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that affects the acceleration of an object?

<p>The force applied to the object (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does mass influence the need for force during acceleration?

<p>Larger mass requires more force to accelerate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Newton's Third Law state regarding forces?

<p>For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of friction is always greater than kinetic friction?

<p>Static friction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of ground reaction force?

<p>It is the force exerted by the ground in response to a person's movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a person pushes a sled, what is the relationship between static and kinetic friction?

<p>Static friction is greater than kinetic friction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to friction if the surface texture is made rougher?

<p>Friction increases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation is more force required to maintain movement?

<p>When moving on a rough surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of fascia in the body?

<p>Envelopes, separates, and binds muscles and organs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In muscle anatomy, what does the term 'origin' refer to?

<p>The proximal attachment closer to the midline. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle fiber arrangement allows for greater shortening velocity?

<p>Parallel fiber arrangement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of contraction occurs when a muscle generates tension but does not change length?

<p>Isometric contraction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the 'insertion' of a muscle have on movement?

<p>It is the most movable part, influencing movement direction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes a concentric contraction?

<p>The muscle shortens while generating tension. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of a pennate fiber arrangement?

<p>Increased force production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do muscle fibers contribute to movement at joints?

<p>Through the orientation of muscle fibers and their attachments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows slight movement and includes the pubic symphysis?

<p>Amphiarthrodial joints (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key feature of diarthrodial joints?

<p>They allow movement in multiple planes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints is characterized as a hinge joint?

<p>Knee joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for reducing friction in diarthrodial joints?

<p>Bursa sacs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true of connective tissues involved in movement?

<p>Tendons connect muscles to bones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of joint would you expect to find limited motion and examples like rib-sternum joints?

<p>Amphiarthrodial joints (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do ligaments play in joint function?

<p>They stabilize joints. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the insertion point of a tendon affect movement?

<p>It dictates the direction of movement upon contraction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lever is characterized by the force being placed between the axis and resistance?

<p>Third-Class Lever (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the human body leverage system?

<p>Enhance speed and range of motion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a single pulley primarily function in a mechanical system?

<p>Changes the direction of force (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about angular and linear motion is true?

<p>Angular motion produces linear motion at the outer edges of rotating objects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the lateral malleolus in the ankle function as in the body?

<p>A pulley for tendon force transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of force is generated by muscle contractions?

<p>Internal force (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the relationship between angular motion and linear motion?

<p>Angular motion at joints can lead to linear motion when walking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates faster ball velocity due to longer tools?

<p>A longer golf club (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body from front to back.

Frontal Plane

Divides the body from side to side.

Transverse Plane

Divides the body from top to bottom.

Joint

A structure that allows for movement, consisting of two or more bones joined together.

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Ligament

The strong, fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones, providing stability and limiting movement.

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Tendon

The strong, fibrous tissue that connects bones to muscles, enabling movement.

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Enarthrodial Joint

A type of joint that allows movement in all directions, like a ball and socket.

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Ginglymus Joint

A type of joint that allows movement in one plane only, like a hinge.

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Amphiarthrodial Joint

A type of joint that allows only slight movement. Examples include the pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, and rib-sternum joints.

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Ball-and-Socket Joint

A type of diarthrodial joint that allows movement in multiple planes, like a ball rolling in a socket. Examples include the shoulder and hip.

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Hinge Joint

A type of diarthrodial joint that allows movement in only one plane, like a door hinge. Examples include the elbow and knee.

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Aponeurosis

A flat sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue that acts as a broad tendon, connecting muscle to bone.

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Bursa Sacs

Fluid-filled sacs that cushion and reduce friction in joints, preventing pain and swelling.

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What is the insertion of a muscle?

The more movable end of a muscle, located farther away from the body's midline. This point determines the direction of movement generated when the muscle contracts.

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What is fascia and what is its role?

Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds and encapsulates muscles, organs, and soft tissues. Its main function is to facilitate movement and control the range of motion.

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What are shared tendons?

Tendons that attach multiple muscles to a common bone. For example, the quadriceps muscles share a common tendon for knee extension.

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Describe parallel fiber arrangement in muscles.

Muscle fibers that run parallel to the long axis of the muscle. They provide the greatest shortening velocity and range of motion.

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Describe pennate fiber arrangement in muscles.

Muscle fibers that are oriented at an angle to the long axis of the muscle. They have a larger cross-sectional area, enabling greater force production.

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What is eccentric contraction?

Muscle action where the muscle lengthens under tension, controlled and gradual. An example is lowering a weight during a bicep curl.

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What is concentric contraction?

Muscle action where the muscle shortens under tension, causing movement. An example is lifting a weight during a bicep curl.

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What is isometric contraction?

A type of muscle action where the muscle develops tension without changing its length. An example is holding a weight without moving it.

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What is fascia?

A fibrous sheet that covers, separates, and connects muscles, organs, and other tissues. It helps with movement but can restrict it if not healthy.

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What is a muscle's origin?

The connection point of a muscle closer to your body's center line, usually less movable.

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What is a muscle's insertion?

The connection point of a muscle further from your body's center line, usually more movable.

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What is an isometric contraction?

A type of muscle contraction where tension is created but the muscle length stays the same. It's useful for stability.

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What is an isotonic contraction?

A type of muscle contraction where tension is created and the muscle length changes. It's involved in movement.

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What is an eccentric contraction?

A type of isotonic contraction where the muscle lengthens as it generates tension.

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What type of muscle fiber arrangement allows for greater shortening velocity and range of motion?

Muscle fibers arranged in a pattern that lets them shorten quickly and go through a large range of motion.

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Third-Class Lever

A lever where the force is applied between the axis of rotation and the resistance. This arrangement prioritizes speed and range of motion over force.

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Pulley System

A system that redirects force and can increase mechanical advantage based on the number of ropes supporting the load. Single pulleys only change the direction of force, while multiple pulleys amplify force.

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Lateral Malleolus (Ankle Bone)

The ankle bone that acts as a pulley for the peroneus longus tendon, helping to evert and plantarflex the foot.

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Force

Any push or pull that can cause a change in motion or the shape of an object.

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Linear Motion

Motion that occurs in a straight line. The direction of movement remains constant.

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Angular Motion

Motion that involves rotation around a fixed axis. The direction of movement changes continuously.

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Angular Motion and Linear Motion Relationship

The relationship between angular motion (rotation) at joints and the linear motion (straight-line movement) of body parts. This is how we move in space.

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Linear Velocity

The speed of an object moving in a straight line, calculated as the distance traveled divided by the time taken.

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What is acceleration?

Acceleration is the rate of change in velocity, meaning how quickly an object's velocity changes over time. It can be positive or negative, with negative acceleration indicating slowing down.

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How does force and mass affect acceleration?

Acceleration is directly proportional to the force applied, meaning greater force results in greater acceleration. It is inversely proportional to the mass of the object, meaning larger masses require more force to accelerate.

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What is Newton's Third Law?

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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What is ground reaction force?

Ground reaction force is the force exerted by the ground in response to the force applied by your feet. It is crucial for walking, running, and jumping. The harder the surface, the higher the ground reaction force.

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What is friction?

Friction is the resistance between two surfaces in contact, making it harder for objects to move against each other. Static friction occurs when objects aren't moving, and kinetic friction occurs when they are moving.

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What is static friction?

Static friction is the resistance between objects that are not moving relative to each other. It is always greater than kinetic friction, meaning more force is needed to start an object moving than to keep it moving.

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What is kinetic friction?

Kinetic friction is the resistance between surfaces when they are in motion. Kinetic friction is less than static friction, meaning less force is needed to keep an object moving than to start it moving.

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How does surface texture influence friction?

Rougher surfaces create more friction because there are more points of contact for the surfaces to interact. Smoother surfaces create less friction because there are fewer points of contact.

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Study Notes

Anatomical Terminology and Planes of Motion

  • Anatomical directions include medial (toward the midline), lateral (away from the midline), superior (above), and inferior (below).
  • Planes of motion include sagittal (dividing left and right), frontal (dividing front and back), and transverse (dividing top and bottom).
  • Sagittal plane movements are primarily flexion and extension
  • Frontal plane movements are primarily abduction and adduction
  • Transverse plane movements are primarily rotations

Joints, Connective Tissue, and Muscle Mechanics

  • Joint classifications include synarthrodial (immovable, e.g., skull sutures), amphiarthrodial (slightly moveable, e.g., pubic symphysis), and diarthrodial (freely moveable, e.g., knee).
  • Tendons are dense connective tissues that connect muscles to bones.

Biomechanics, Levers, and Motion

  • Kinematics studies motion (position, velocity, acceleration).
  • Kinetics studies forces causing motion.
  • Levers have three classes: first class (fulcrum between force and resistance), second class (resistance between force and fulcrum), and third class (force between fulcrum and resistance).
  • Torque is rotational force around an axis.
  • Mechanical advantage describes how much force is required to move a resistance.

Introduction to Kinesiology

  • The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones, divided into axial and appendicular skeletons.
  • Types of bones include long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones.
  • Types of diarthrodial joints include arthrodial, condyloidal, enarthrodial, ginglymus, sellar, and trochoidal joints each with different functions and ranges of motion.

Goniometry and Movement Terminology

  • Goniometry is used to measure the range of motion (ROM) of a joint.
  • Terms describing movement include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction, and other specific joint motions.
  • Reference positions include anatomical position (upright, facing forward, palms forward).
  • Directional terminology helps understand different parts of the body.

Muscle Structure and Function

  • Muscles connect to bones via tendons.
  • Muscle fiber arrangements include parallel and pennate.
  • Muscle contractions include isometric (no change in length), concentric (shortening), and eccentric (lengthening).
  • Muscle roles in movement include agonist (prime mover), antagonist, and stabilizer.

Active and Passive Range of Motion

  • Active range of motion (AROM) is when the individual moves a joint voluntarily.
  • Passive range of motion (PROM) is when an examiner moves a joint of the individual without active effort.
  • ROM typically greater for PROM than AROM due to muscle restrictions.

Using a Goniometer

  • A goniometer is a measuring tool to determine the degrees of movement of a joint.
  • Common mistakes include misreading scales and confusing range of motion with angle between arms.

Notes on Joint and Muscle Structure

  • Joints connect and allow for movement.
  • Articulations (bone interactions) with joint classifications(synarthrodial, amphiarthrodial, diarthrodial), allowing various range of motions which depend on bone configuration.
  • Connective tissues (tendons, aponeuroses, fascia) play crucial roles in enabling movement.

Biomechanics Notes

  • Biomechanics studies the mechanical principles underlying biological systems (in this case the human body).
  • Kinematics describes motion (e.g., time, displacement, velocity, acceleration, spatial factors).
  • Kinetics describes forces resulting in motion.
  • Mechanical advantage is the ratio of output force to input force.
  • Biomechanics labs and motion analysis typically use infrared reflective markers to capture movement in 3D space.

Levers in the Human Body

  • Levers commonly occur in the body in various forms (First, Second, and Third class).
  • Each lever type has a different function depending on their axes, forces and resistances placement.
  • Understand the different ways a lever can impact and direct force in biomechanics by working in concert with muscles.

Motion and Force

  • Motion requires force.
  • Internal forces arise from muscular contractions.
  • External forces are from interactions with objects around you.
  • Different types of motion(linear and angular) occur throughout your life.

Newton's Laws of Motion

  • Newton's first law (Law of Inertia) describes that an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an external force.
  • Newton's second law (Law of Acceleration) describes the relationship between an object's mass, the force acting upon it, and the resulting acceleration. (Force = mass x acceleration).
  • Newton's third law (Law of Action-Reaction) describes that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
  • Applications of these laws impact many aspects of movement.

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Description

Test your knowledge on anatomy and physiology concepts with this quiz. Questions will cover topics such as anatomical planes, muscle functions, and the skeletal system. Gain a deeper understanding of how the human body is structured and operates.

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