Long Bone Anatomy Quiz and Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the epiphyseal plate of hyaline cartilage?

It consists of spongy bone covered by a thin shell of compact bone

It forms the skeleton and provides support

It is a tube of compact bone with a central medullary cavity filled with bone marrow

It lies between the epiphysis and diaphysis of growing long bones (correct)

Which type of ossification process involves transformation from mesenchyme to bone directly?

Intra-membranous ossification (correct)

Intra-cartilaginous ossification

Endochondral ossification

Appositional ossification

What is the main function of long bones?

Muscle attachment and movement (correct)

Blood cell production

Protection of vital organs

Supporting body weight

Where is the periosteum located in long bones?

Covering the shaft (diaphysis) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the structure of epiphysis in long bones?

Consists of spongy (cancellous) bone covered by a thin shell of compact bone Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes terminal double stance from initial double stance in the gait cycle?

The ipsilateral foot is in pre-swing while the contralateral foot is in loading response. Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the gait cycle takes up to 40% of the total cycle?

Swing phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of the mid-stance and terminal stance phases in relation to single limb support?

Mid-stance is a single limb support while terminal stance includes a double limb support. Signup and view all the answers

During which gait phase is the knee primarily extending in preparation for heel strike?

Terminal swing Signup and view all the answers

What defines the transition between terminal stance and preswing in the gait cycle?

The ipsilateral foot moving into propulsion while the contralateral foot is still in contact. Signup and view all the answers

What primarily distinguishes the two phases of the gait cycle?

The presence or absence of ground contact Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily required for maintaining balance during the gait cycle?

Adequate proprioceptive feedback Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the role of the stance phase in the gait cycle?

It provides support and balance for the body. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of gait analysis, which statement about the swing phase is accurate?

It is the phase where the body moves forward without any limb support. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is least likely to influence an individual's gait pattern?

Emotional state during walking Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of gait cycle has a percentage distribution of 60% during walking?

Stance phase Signup and view all the answers

What is one essential prerequisite for the gait cycle in an individual?

Ability to control head, arms, and trunk against gravity Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the gait cycle is affected first by an injury to the lower extremities?

Stance phase stability Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the initial contact phase of the stance phase?

It begins when the heel of the foot strikes the ground. Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the stance is the body's center of mass directly over the supporting foot?

Mid stance Signup and view all the answers

What is the main activity occurring during the terminal stance phase?

The heel of the foot begins to lift off the ground. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the pre-swing phase from other phases of gait?

Only the toe of the reference limb is in contact with the ground. Signup and view all the answers

At what percentage of the gait cycle does the mid-swing phase occur?

73%-87% Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the swing phase primarily occurs during the initial swing?

The foot leaves the ground and accelerates forward. Signup and view all the answers

Which phase involves the maximum absorption of impact forces from the ground?

Loading response Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the swing phase?

It occurs when the limb is not bearing weight. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Epiphyseal Plate and Ossification

The epiphyseal plate, composed of hyaline cartilage, is responsible for longitudinal growth of bones during childhood and adolescence.
The intramembranous ossification process involves the transformation of mesenchyme to bone directly, without the intermediate formation of cartilage.

Functions and Structure of Long Bones

The main function of long bones is to provide support, protection, and movement for the body.
The periosteum, a fibrous connective tissue layer, is located on the outer surface of long bones, covering the bone shaft.
The epiphysis, found at the ends of long bones, has a spherical structure and is composed of cancellous bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone.

Gait Analysis

Gait is the way humans walk, with each individual having a unique gait pattern.
Injury and disease can impact gait patterns.
Gait analysis can help therapists identify weaknesses and adjust rehabilitation plans.

Normal Gait Definition

Physiological definition: Gait relies on the interaction of bones, muscles, and the nervous system, including the peripheral and central nervous systems.
Mechanical definition: Gait is bipedal locomotion, with alternating movement of the legs. One leg provides support and propulsion while the other swings forward.
Prerequisites for gait:
- Ability to maintain an upright position (head, arms, and trunk).
- Ability to maintain balance during static and dynamic movements.
- Ability to initiate a step forward with controlled foot movement for ground clearance and heel contact.
Head, Arms, and Trunk (HAT) represent 75% of total body weight.

Phases of the Gait Cycle

Gait cycle: Describes the complete movement from initial heel contact to the same heel contacting the ground again.
- At a typical walking speed, one cycle lasts 1 second and covers 1.4 meters.
Two phases:
- Stance phase (60% of the gait cycle): Foot in contact with the ground.
- Swing phase (40% of the gait cycle): Foot not in contact with the ground.

Stance Phase (60% of Gait Cycle)

Five sub-phases:
- Initial contact (heel strike) (0-2% of gait cycle): Heel makes the initial contact with the ground.
- Loading response (flat foot) (2-10% of gait cycle): The entire foot contacts the ground, and body weight transfers to the stance limb.
- Mid stance (10-30% of gait cycle): Body weight moves over the forefoot, and the contralateral foot leaves the ground.
- Terminal stance (heel off) (30-50% of gait cycle): Heel of the stance foot lifts off the ground, with the contralateral foot contacting the ground.
- Pre-swing (toe off) (50-60% of gait cycle): Only the toe of the stance foot remains in contact with the ground.

Swing Phase (40% of Gait Cycle)

Three sub-phases:
- Initial swing (acceleration) (60-73% of gait cycle): The foot leaves the ground and swings forward.
- Mid-swing (73-87% of gait cycle): The swinging limb passes directly under the body, and the tibia approaches a vertical position.
- Terminal swing (deceleration) (87-100% of gait cycle): The knee extends in preparation for heel strike.

Intervals of the Gait Cycle

Stance phase intervals:
- Double limb support (IDS & TDS):
  - Initial double stance (IDS): Both feet are in contact with the ground (one foot in initial contact/loading response, the other in pre-swing).
  - Terminal double stance (TDS): The ipsilateral foot is in pre-swing, and the contralateral foot is in initial contact/loading response.
- Single limb support (SLS): Only one foot is on the ground (mid stance and terminal stance), equal to the swing phase of the other limb.
Swing phase interval: One foot is off the ground.

Normal Gait Cycle

The text provided a detailed description of the phases and intervals in the normal gait cycle to help understand the steps involved in walking.

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Description

Test your knowledge of bone structure, functions, and classification with this anatomy quiz. Explore the types of connective tissue that form the skeleton, the role of bones in supporting organs and muscles, and the process of ossification.

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