Anatomy Nervous System Packet (Chapter 7)
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Questions and Answers

What are the three major functions of the nervous system?

  • Process and interpret sensory input (correct)
  • Produce hormones
  • Activate muscles through motor input (correct)
  • Monitor inside outside body (correct)

    • What does CNS stand for?

    Central Nervous System

    What does the somatic nervous system control?

    Voluntary activities

    What does PNS stand for?

    <p>Peripheral Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the autonomic nervous system also known as?

    <p>Involuntary nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neurons?

    <p>Release neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is neuroglia responsible for?

    <p>Supporting, insulating, and protecting neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the axonal terminal release?

    <p>Neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of dendrites?

    <p>Conduct electrical currents toward the cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the myelin sheath do?

    <p>Increases the speed of impulse transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is found in the cell body of a neuron?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an axon generally do?

    <p>Conduct impulses away from the cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cutaneous senses?

    <p>Sensory receptors found in the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Schwann cells do?

    <p>Myelinate the fibers of neurons found in the PNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a synapse?

    <p>Junction point of close contact between neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a tract in the nervous system?

    <p>Bundle of nerve processes inside the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an association neuron?

    <p>Neuron connecting sensory and motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nodes of Ranvier?

    <p>Gaps in a myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a ganglion?

    <p>Collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an efferent neuron?

    <p>Neuron that conducts impulses away from the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are proprioceptors?

    <p>Sensory receptors in muscles and tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are stimuli?

    <p>Changes affecting nervous system functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an afferent neuron?

    <p>Neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neurotransmitters?

    <p>Chemicals released by neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the refractory period?

    <p>Period during which a neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is depolarization?

    <p>State with sodium ions rushing into the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does polarized mean in terms of a neuron?

    <p>Electrical condition of a resting neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is repolarization?

    <p>Period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is action potential?

    <p>Transmission of the depolarization wave along the neuron's membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are potassium ions' role in a resting neuron?

    <p>Chief positive intercellular ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sodium-potassium pump?

    <p>Process moving sodium ions out and potassium ions back into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are somatic reflexes?

    <p>Patellar reflexes involving skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are autonomic reflexes?

    <p>Reflexes such as pupillary light response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a stimulus?

    <p>Pin-prick pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tissue that acts as an effector?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many synapses occur in a reflex arc?

    <p>2 (3 with muscle)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cerebral hemispheres?

    <p>Largest part of the human brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the other major subdivisions of the brain?

    <p>Brain stem and cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do ventricles in the brain contain?

    <p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a gyrus?

    <p>An elevated ridge of cerebral cortex tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gray matter composed of?

    <p>Neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is white matter composed of?

    <p>Myelinated fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do myelinated fibers provide for the brain?

    <p>Communication between different parts of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are basal nuclei?

    <p>The lentiform nucleus and caudate nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hypothalamus regulate?

    <p>Water balance and body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the pons contain?

    <p>Reflex centers for respiratory rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cerebellum?

    <p>Regulation of posture and coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the thalamus?

    <p>Relay station for afferent fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What centers does the medulla oblongata contain?

    <p>Autonomic centers regulating blood pressure and respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Major Functions of the Nervous System

    • Monitors internal and external environments through sensory receptors.
    • Processes and interprets sensory input.
    • Activates muscles for responses via motor input.

    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    • Comprises the brain and spinal cord.
    • Responsible for interpreting incoming information and issuing orders.

    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    • Consists of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia.
    • Acts as communication lines linking the body to the CNS.

    Somatic Nervous System

    • A component of the PNS.
    • Controls voluntary activities, such as skeletal muscle activation.

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • Also part of the PNS, often referred to as the involuntary nervous system.
    • Regulates activities of the heart, smooth muscles, and glands.

    Neurons

    • Amitotic, meaning they do not divide.
    • Release neurotransmitters and transmit electrical messages via irritability and conductivity.

    Neuroglia

    • Capable of division and responsible for the majority of brain neoplasms.
    • Support, insulate, and protect neurons in the central nervous system.

    Axonal Terminal

    • Site of neurotransmitter release.

    Dendrites

    • Conduct electrical currents toward the neuron's cell body.

    Myelin Sheath

    • Increases the speed of impulse transmission along neurons.

    Cell Body

    • Contains the nucleus and is essential for the neuron's metabolic activities.

    Axon

    • Generally conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body.

    Cutaneous Senses

    • Specialized sensory receptors in the skin that detect temperature, pressure, and pain.

    Schwann Cells

    • Specialized cells in the PNS that myelinate neuronal fibers.

    Synapse

    • A junction point where neurons come into close contact to transmit signals.

    Tract

    • A bundle of nerve processes located within the CNS.

    Association Neurons

    • Serve as intermediaries between sensory and motor neurons in conduction pathways.

    Nodes of Ranvier

    • Gaps found in myelin sheaths that facilitate impulse transmission.

    Ganglion

    • A collection of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS.

    Efferent Neurons

    • Conduct impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands.

    Proprioceptors

    • Sensory receptors located in muscles and tendons that detect degrees of stretch.

    Stimuli

    • Changes in the environment that influence the functioning of the nervous system.

    Afferent Neurons

    • Conduct impulses toward the CNS from peripheral areas.

    Neurotransmitters

    • Chemicals released by neurons that stimulate other neurons, muscles, or glands.

    Refractory Period

    • Time during which a neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus due to repolarization.

    Depolarization

    • Occurs as sodium ions rush into the neuron, reversing the resting potential.

    Polarized State

    • Refers to the electrical condition of a resting neuron's plasma membrane.

    Repolarization

    • Period when potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron to restore the negative internal charge.

    Action Potential

    • The wave of depolarization that travels along the neuron's membrane.

    Potassium Ions

    • The primary positive intracellular ion in a resting neuron.

    Sodium-Potassium Pump

    • Mechanism using ATP to move sodium out of and potassium into the cell, restoring resting conditions.

    Somatic Reflexes

    • Include actions such as the patellar reflex and flexor reflexes; primarily involve skeletal muscle effectors.

    Autonomic Reflexes

    • Encompass responses like pupillary light reflex, regulation of blood pressure, and salivary reflex, involving smooth muscle and glands.

    Cerebral Hemispheres

    • The largest part of the human brain.

    Other Major Brain Subdivisions

    • Include the brain stem and cerebellum.

    Ventricles

    • Cavities in the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

    Gyrus

    • An elevated ridge of cerebral cortex tissue.

    Gray Matter

    • Composed of neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers.

    White Matter

    • Composed of myelinated fibers, facilitating communication between different brain parts.

    Basal Nuclei

    • Includes structures such as the lentiform nucleus and caudate nucleus.

    Hypothalamus

    • Regulates water balance and body temperature.

    Pons

    • Contains reflex centers for respiratory rhythm regulation.

    Cerebellum

    • Responsible for posture regulation and skeletal muscle coordination.

    Thalamus

    • Acts as an important relay station for sensory information to the cortex.

    Medulla Oblongata

    • Houses autonomic centers for blood pressure regulation and respiratory rhythm, including reflex centers for coughing and sneezing.

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    Description

    Explore the key concepts of the nervous system with this set of flashcards. Understand its major functions, the central nervous system (CNS), and the components of the somatic nervous system. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology.

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