Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which movement decreases the angle between the sole of the foot and the back of the leg?
Which movement decreases the angle between the sole of the foot and the back of the leg?
What is the term for the movement when the forearm or palm is turned outwards?
What is the term for the movement when the forearm or palm is turned outwards?
Which of the following movements of the foot moves the sole towards the median plane?
Which of the following movements of the foot moves the sole towards the median plane?
Which movement at the shoulder joint involves raising the arm forward?
Which movement at the shoulder joint involves raising the arm forward?
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What movement describes the movement of the scapula away from the spine?
What movement describes the movement of the scapula away from the spine?
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Which term describes the movement when the head is tilted towards one shoulder?
Which term describes the movement when the head is tilted towards one shoulder?
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At the ankle joint, which movement raises the toes towards the shin?
At the ankle joint, which movement raises the toes towards the shin?
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Which of the following describes the movement of the jaw when it moves downwards?
Which of the following describes the movement of the jaw when it moves downwards?
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What does flexion refer to in terms of movement?
What does flexion refer to in terms of movement?
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What is the action of lifting the shoulders towards the ears called?
What is the action of lifting the shoulders towards the ears called?
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Which movement occurs when a limb is rotated toward the midline of the body?
Which movement occurs when a limb is rotated toward the midline of the body?
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In anatomical terms, abduction refers to what type of movement?
In anatomical terms, abduction refers to what type of movement?
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What does circumduction entail?
What does circumduction entail?
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When performing dorsiflexion, what is happening to the foot?
When performing dorsiflexion, what is happening to the foot?
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What is the opposite action of flexion?
What is the opposite action of flexion?
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What type of movement is indicated by bringing the knees together?
What type of movement is indicated by bringing the knees together?
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What is the primary function of the prime mover muscle during movement?
What is the primary function of the prime mover muscle during movement?
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Which type of muscle contraction maintains the same muscle length?
Which type of muscle contraction maintains the same muscle length?
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In a biceps curl, which muscle acts as the antagonist?
In a biceps curl, which muscle acts as the antagonist?
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What role do fixator muscles play during a movement?
What role do fixator muscles play during a movement?
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Which type of muscle is responsible for involuntary movements in the heart?
Which type of muscle is responsible for involuntary movements in the heart?
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Which muscle type is primarily involved in voluntary movements?
Which muscle type is primarily involved in voluntary movements?
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What is a key characteristic of the synergist muscle?
What is a key characteristic of the synergist muscle?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the muscular system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the muscular system?
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What is the primary function of the nervous system?
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
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Which structure arises from the cell body of a neuron and often extends for long distances?
Which structure arises from the cell body of a neuron and often extends for long distances?
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Which type of neuron comprises multiple dendrites and a single axon?
Which type of neuron comprises multiple dendrites and a single axon?
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What significantly increases the velocity of impulse conduction in neurons?
What significantly increases the velocity of impulse conduction in neurons?
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What structures process and transmit information in the nervous system?
What structures process and transmit information in the nervous system?
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Which type of neuron has a short, single process that splits into two distinct parts?
Which type of neuron has a short, single process that splits into two distinct parts?
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What primarily regulates the degree of filling of capillary beds and arterial pressure?
What primarily regulates the degree of filling of capillary beds and arterial pressure?
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Which of the following correctly describes the junction where the thoracic duct enters the venous system?
Which of the following correctly describes the junction where the thoracic duct enters the venous system?
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Which part of the nervous system is responsible for involuntary control of bodily functions?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for involuntary control of bodily functions?
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Which type of blood vessels are more abundant in the body?
Which type of blood vessels are more abundant in the body?
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What condition is often primarily caused by atherosclerosis?
What condition is often primarily caused by atherosclerosis?
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What is one primary function of the lymphoid system?
What is one primary function of the lymphoid system?
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Where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph from?
Where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph from?
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What type of connections exist between small arterioles and venules in certain regions such as the fingers?
What type of connections exist between small arterioles and venules in certain regions such as the fingers?
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What happens when the atheroma in the arteries bursts?
What happens when the atheroma in the arteries bursts?
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Which lymphatic structure drains into the thoracic duct?
Which lymphatic structure drains into the thoracic duct?
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What is the main function of the perineurium in the nervous system?
What is the main function of the perineurium in the nervous system?
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Which of the following correctly describes the structure of spinal nerves?
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of spinal nerves?
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What is a dermatome?
What is a dermatome?
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What distinguishes the sympathetic nervous system from the parasympathetic nervous system?
What distinguishes the sympathetic nervous system from the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic innervation?
Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic innervation?
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How are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system characterized?
How are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system characterized?
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What is the role of autonomic nervous system (ANS) functions?
What is the role of autonomic nervous system (ANS) functions?
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Where do cranial nerves exit the central nervous system?
Where do cranial nerves exit the central nervous system?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Anatomy
- Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body
- There are different approaches to studying anatomy
- Regional anatomy studies each region of the body at the same time. (e.g., head, neck, gluteal regions)
- Systemic anatomy studies each system throughout the whole body. (e.g., circulatory system)
- Clinical anatomy integrates both regional and systemic approaches.
Objectives
- Describe the normal anatomical position of the body and list appropriate anatomical terms.
- List the planes of the body and relate movements occurring along these planes.
- List terms of movement.
- Differentiate between fascia, tendons, and ligaments, and provide examples of each.
- Identify the bones of the body and categorize them as axial or appendicular.
- Understand the classes of joints based on structure and function.
- Explain how skeletal muscle actions are influenced by attachments and reflect on their actions on joints.
- Differentiate between types of nervous systems and their functions.
- List different body systems and explain their functions.
Anatomical Position
- The body is standing upright.
- Feet are flat on the floor, facing forward.
- Arms are at the sides.
- Palms are facing forward.
Anatomical Terminology
- Superior (cranial): Towards the head.
- Inferior (caudal): Away from the head, towards the tail.
- Anterior (ventral): Towards the front of the body.
- Posterior (dorsal): Towards the back of the body.
- Medial: Towards the midline of the body.
- Lateral: Away from the midline of the body.
- Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment.
- Distal: Farther from the point of attachment.
- Superficial: Closer to the surface.
- Deep: Further from the surface.
- Supine: Lying face up.
- Prone: Lying face down.
- Median plane: Divides the body into equal left and right halves.
- Sagittal plane: Divides the body into unequal left and right sections (parallel to the median plane).
- Coronal plane (frontal plane): Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
- Transverse plane (axial plane): Divides the body into superior and inferior sections.
Movements
- Flexion: Decreasing the angle between two parts of the body. (e.g., bending your knee).
- Extension: Increasing the angle between two parts of the body. (e.g., straightening your knee).
- Abduction: Moving a structure away from the midline of the body. (e.g., raising your arm laterally.)
- Adduction: Moving a structure towards the midline of the body. (e.g., lowering your arm.)
- Rotation: Turning a body part around an axis.
- Internal rotation (medial rotation): Rotating a limb towards the midline.
- External rotation (lateral rotation): Rotating a limb away from the midline.
- Circumduction: Moving a body part in a circular motion.
- Elevation: Moving a body part upward. (e.g., shrugging shoulders)
- Depression: Moving a body part downward. (e.g., lowering shoulders)
- Dorsiflexion: Bending the foot upward at the ankle.
- Plantar flexion: Bending the foot downward at the ankle.
- Palmarflexion: Bending the hand.
- Dorsiflexion: Extending the wrist.
- Pronation: Rotating the forearm so that the palm is facing downward.
- Supination: Rotating the forearm so that the palm is facing upward.
- Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward.
- Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot outward.
- Protrusion: Moving a body part forward. (e.g., protruding jaw)
- Retrusion: Moving a body part backward. (e.g., retracting jaw.)
Types of Bones
- Long bones: Femur, humerus
- Short bones: Wrist bones, ankle bones
- Flat bones: Skull bones, sternum
- Irregular bones: Spine, pelvis, sphenoid, ethmoid
- Sesamoid bones: Patella, inside tendons
Skeletal Structures
- Diaphysis: Shaft of a long bone
- Epiphysis: Ends of a long bone
- Epiphyseal plate: Cartilage plate in the metaphysis of a long bone. Responsible for the bone growth.
- Epiphyseal line: Remnant of the epiphyseal plate in adults.
- Compact bone: Dense outer layer of a bone
- Spongy bone: Porous bone mostly in the interior of a bone.
Joint Classifications
- Fibrous joints: Connected by dense connective tissue, primarily collagen. (e.g., sutures in the skull)
- Cartilaginous joints: Connected by cartilage. (e.g., growth plates, intervertebral discs)
- Synovial joints: Have a joint cavity lined with synovial membrane and a capsule of dense connective tissue. (e.g., hinge joints, ball and socket joints)
Types of Synovial Joints
- Plane joint: permit gliding or sliding movements (e.g., AC Joint)
- Hinge joint: permit flexion and extension (e.g., elbow joint, knee joint)
- Saddle joint: permit abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, and circumduction (e.g., CMC of the thumb)
- Condyloid joint: permit flexion and extension as well as abduction and adduction (e.g., metacarpophalangeal joints)
- Ball and socket joint: permit movement in multiple axes and planes (e.g., hip, shoulder)
- Pivot joint: permit rotation around a central axis (e.g., atlantoaxial joint)
Organ Systems
- Skeletal system: Supports the body, allows movement, stores minerals, and forms blood cells.
- Muscular system: Enables movement, maintains posture, and produces heat.
- Cardiovascular system: Transports fluids (blood) throughout the body.
- Lymphoid system: Drains fluid and removes debris from the body.
- Nervous system: Enables the body to respond to internal and external changes and controls bodily processes.
Bone Markings
- Facet: A smooth flat articular surface, usually covered in cartilage.
- Foramen: A canal-like opening in a bone.
- Spine: A sharp, thorn-like projection.
- Fossa: A shallow, depressed area.
- Malleolus: A rounded process (e.g., lateral or medial malleolus).
- Trochlea: A spool-like articular process.
- Notch: An indentation along the edge of a bone
- Tuberance: A projection of bone
Vasculature and Innervation of Bones
- Vasculature: Nutrient arteries enter through foramina and supply compact bone. Veins follow arteries
- Innervation: Periosteum is richly supplied by sensory nerves called periosteal nerves
Muscle Contraction Overview
- Isometric contraction: Muscle length does not change, but tension increases.
- Isotonic contraction: Muscle changes length, with constant tension.
- Concentric Contraction: Muscle shortens while producing force.
- Eccentric Contraction: Muscle lengthens while producing force.
Muscle Functions
- Prime Mover (Agonist): The primary muscle responsible for a particular movement.
- Fixator: Stabilizes the proximal segments of a limb during distal limb movement.
- Synergist: Assists the prime mover in a particular movement
- Antagonist: Opposes the action of a prime mover.
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Description
Test your knowledge of anatomical movements with this quiz. Answer questions related to different types of movements like flexion, extension, abduction, and more. Perfect for students of anatomy or kinesiology!
