Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which organ is primarily responsible for the maturation of T lymphocytes?
Which organ is primarily responsible for the maturation of T lymphocytes?
Which type of bone marrow is primarily involved in the production of blood cells?
Which type of bone marrow is primarily involved in the production of blood cells?
What happens to the thymus after puberty?
What happens to the thymus after puberty?
Which of the following structures can be classified as a secondary lymphoid organ?
Which of the following structures can be classified as a secondary lymphoid organ?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of lymphocyte is primarily produced in the red bone marrow?
Which type of lymphocyte is primarily produced in the red bone marrow?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the spleen located within the body?
Where is the spleen located within the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organ produces approximately 500 billion blood cells per day?
Which organ produces approximately 500 billion blood cells per day?
Signup and view all the answers
Which lymphoid organ is found in the alimentary tract?
Which lymphoid organ is found in the alimentary tract?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of microfold cells in Peyer's patches?
What is the primary function of microfold cells in Peyer's patches?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a defining feature of the lingual tonsil?
What is a defining feature of the lingual tonsil?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is classified as gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)?
Which of the following is classified as gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)?
Signup and view all the answers
What forms the tonsillar bed in adults?
What forms the tonsillar bed in adults?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of immune cells are primarily found in the center of Peyer's patches follicles?
What type of immune cells are primarily found in the center of Peyer's patches follicles?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the spleen?
What is the primary function of the spleen?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure forms a tonsillar ring around the superior part of the pharynx?
Which structure forms a tonsillar ring around the superior part of the pharynx?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is associated with the skin?
Which type of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is associated with the skin?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the pharyngeal tonsil during tonsillitis if it grows excessively?
What happens to the pharyngeal tonsil during tonsillitis if it grows excessively?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the antigens interacting with MALT?
What is the significance of the antigens interacting with MALT?
Signup and view all the answers
Peyer's patches are primarily located in which segment of the intestine?
Peyer's patches are primarily located in which segment of the intestine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which artery does NOT provide branches to the tonsils?
Which artery does NOT provide branches to the tonsils?
Signup and view all the answers
Is the spleen considered a vital organ?
Is the spleen considered a vital organ?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the anatomical location of the pharyngeal tonsil?
What is the anatomical location of the pharyngeal tonsil?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a major characteristic of the pharyngeal tonsil's structure?
What is a major characteristic of the pharyngeal tonsil's structure?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do the tubal tonsils play in the body?
What role do the tubal tonsils play in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of tissue makes up the tonsillar bed in adults?
What type of tissue makes up the tonsillar bed in adults?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are Peyer's patches primarily located?
Where are Peyer's patches primarily located?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of microfold cells in Peyer's patches?
What is the primary role of microfold cells in Peyer's patches?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the lingual tonsil?
Which of the following best describes the lingual tonsil?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) primarily formed by?
What is Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) primarily formed by?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of lymphoid tissue is associated with the respiratory system?
What type of lymphoid tissue is associated with the respiratory system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following cells are located in the center of the follicles of Peyer's patches?
Which of the following cells are located in the center of the follicles of Peyer's patches?
Signup and view all the answers
Which best describes the structure of the tonsillar fossa in adults?
Which best describes the structure of the tonsillar fossa in adults?
Signup and view all the answers
Which lymphoid tissue forms a ring around the superior part of the pharynx?
Which lymphoid tissue forms a ring around the superior part of the pharynx?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the pharyngeal tonsil during an adenoidectomy?
What happens to the pharyngeal tonsil during an adenoidectomy?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of nerve innervates the pharyngeal tonsil?
What type of nerve innervates the pharyngeal tonsil?
Signup and view all the answers
Which characteristic is true about the spleen?
Which characteristic is true about the spleen?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about the palatine tonsils is correct?
Which of the following statements about the palatine tonsils is correct?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition can occur if the pharyngeal tonsil grows during tonsillitis?
What condition can occur if the pharyngeal tonsil grows during tonsillitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What do the tonsils primarily protect the body from?
What do the tonsils primarily protect the body from?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes the primary lymphoid organs from secondary lymphoid organs?
What distinguishes the primary lymphoid organs from secondary lymphoid organs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement about bone marrow is true?
Which statement about bone marrow is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the thymus in the immune system?
What is the role of the thymus in the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following organs can be considered a secondary lymphoid organ?
Which of the following organs can be considered a secondary lymphoid organ?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary site where yellow bone marrow is found?
What is a primary site where yellow bone marrow is found?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the spleen anatomically located?
Where is the spleen anatomically located?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary composition of red bone marrow?
What is the primary composition of red bone marrow?
Signup and view all the answers
After puberty, what happens to the thymus?
After puberty, what happens to the thymus?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Anatomy III: Blood and the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
- This is a course on the anatomy of the blood, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems.
Lesson 28: Anatomy of the Immune System. Generalities
- The immune system is a system for protection against diseases.
- The immune system distinguishes normal body cells from pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells.
- The immune system is classified as innate and adaptive, and further divided into humoral and cellular components.
- The upcoming lessons will cover the anatomical basis of the immune system, excluding the physiological workings.
Composition of Lymphoid System
- Lymphoid organs produce lymphocytes.
- Primary lymphoid organs (where immature lymphocytes develop):
- Thymus
- Red bone marrow
- Secondary lymphoid organs (where lymphocytes remain until antigen presentation):
- Spleen
- Tonsils
- Lymph nodes
- Some lymphoid nodules in the alimentary tract and appendix
Thymus
- Located in the anterior and superior mediastinum.
- Shape: flat triangle.
- After puberty, the thymus degrades into fat tissue.
Bone Marrow
- Main hematopoietic organ and primary lymphoid organ.
- Produces 500 billion blood cells per day.
- Generates lymphocytes from immature hematopoietic progenitor cells.
- Transplantable, used in cancer treatment (e.g., multiple myeloma, leukemia).
- Contains two types of bone marrow:
- Yellow marrow: fat cells in the medullary cavity.
- Red marrow: hematopoietic tissue, where red blood cells, platelets, and lymphocytes develop.
- At birth, all bone marrow is red; with age, it becomes yellow.
- Yellow marrow can convert to red marrow during severe hypovolemia (low blood volume).
- Major locations include the pelvis, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, cranium, scapulae, and the spongy ends of long bones (e.g., humerus, femur).
Spleen
- Located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen (hypocondrium).
- Shape: purple fist; largest lymphatic organ.
- Most vulnerable abdominal organ.
- Lymphoid organ due to:
- Lymphocyte proliferation
- Immune surveillance
- Immune response.
- Recycles iron and globin from old blood cells and platelets.
- Acts as a blood reservoir, storing red blood cells and platelets.
- Not a vital organ; survival is possible without it.
- Capable of expansion and contraction.
Tonsils
- The pharynx has abundant lymphoid tissue forming tonsils.
- This lymphoid forms a tonsillar ring around the superior part of the pharynx (Waldeyer's ring).
- Protects from external bodies entering the body through the mouth and nose.
Pharyngeal Tonsil (Adenoids)
- Located at the nasopharynx's mucous membrane.
- Can cause dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) if enlarged.
- Separated from the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle by a capsule.
Tubal Tonsils
- Lymphoid tissue in the pharynx's submucosa.
- Near the nasopharyngeal opening to the pharyngotympanic (Eustachian) tube.
Palatine Tonsils
- Bilateral collections of lymphoid tissue.
- Located between palatine arches.
- Removal is called tonsillectomy.
- Tonsillar fossa is located between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches.
- Tonsillar bed is formed by the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and the thin fibrous sheet of the pharyngobasilar fascia.
Lingual Tonsils
- Located on the dorsal surface of the base of the tongue.
- Partially encapsulated.
- Has many associated mucous glands.
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
- Small groups of lymphoid tissue found in various body sites.
- Formed by T cells, B cells, plasma cells, and macrophages.
- Antigens from mucosal epithelium stimulate immune response.
- Microfold cells (M cells) transport antigens from the gut lumen into lymphoid tissue.
- Examples include BALT (bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue), GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue), and SALT (skin-associated lymphoid tissue).
Peyer's Patches
- Named after Johann Conrad Peyer.
- 1 cm-sized lymphoid tissue in the ileum.
- Observable by microscope as oval or round lymphoid follicles.
- Found in the lamina propria layer of the mucosa, extending into the submucosa.
- Microfold (M) cells are present between the lumen and the follicle.
- B lymphocytes are in the follicle center.
- T lymphocytes are between the follicles.
- Activated lymphocytes enter the blood via the thoracic duct.
Microfold Cells
- Are antigen-presenting cells.
- Phagocytose antigens from the gut lumen.
- Deliver antigens via transcytosis to dendritic cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes.
Vermiform Appendix
- Blind intestinal diverticulum containing lymphoid tissue.
- Approximately 10 cm long.
- Arises from the cecum inferior to the ileocecal junction.
- Position is variable, most commonly retrocecal.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the fascinating anatomy of the immune system, highlighting its components and functions in disease protection. This quiz covers lymphoid organs, their roles, and the distinction between innate and adaptive immunity. Test your knowledge on this crucial aspect of human anatomy!
