Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following anatomical directions refers to the location of a body part closer to the midline or center of the body?
Which of the following anatomical directions refers to the location of a body part closer to the midline or center of the body?
What is the term for the joint where the humerus meets the scapula?
What is the term for the joint where the humerus meets the scapula?
Which of the following types of bones is classified by shape?
Which of the following types of bones is classified by shape?
What is the term for the process by which bone grows or remodels itself in response to forces or demands?
What is the term for the process by which bone grows or remodels itself in response to forces or demands?
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Which of the following bones is associated with the upper limb?
Which of the following bones is associated with the upper limb?
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What is the term for the type of cartilage found in joints?
What is the term for the type of cartilage found in joints?
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Which of the following skeletal systems includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thorax?
Which of the following skeletal systems includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thorax?
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What is the term for the type of bone that is full of blood vessels and can be repaired?
What is the term for the type of bone that is full of blood vessels and can be repaired?
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What is the function of a fixator muscle?
What is the function of a fixator muscle?
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What is the term for a long ridge of bone?
What is the term for a long ridge of bone?
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What type of muscle contraction occurs when a muscle is getting longer?
What type of muscle contraction occurs when a muscle is getting longer?
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What is the term for a small rounded bump on a bone?
What is the term for a small rounded bump on a bone?
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What is the role of the agonist muscle in a movement?
What is the role of the agonist muscle in a movement?
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What is the term for a hole in a bone?
What is the term for a hole in a bone?
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What is the term for a muscle that opposes the prime mover in a movement?
What is the term for a muscle that opposes the prime mover in a movement?
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What is the characteristic of a muscle when it is shortened?
What is the characteristic of a muscle when it is shortened?
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Study Notes
Anatomical Position
- Superior: Above or closer to the head
- Inferior: Below or closer to the feet
- Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment or center of the body (for limbs)
- Distal: Farther from the point of attachment or center of the body (for limbs)
- Medial: Closer to the midline or center of the body
- Lateral: Farther away from the midline or center of the body
- Posterior: Towards the back or behind
- Anterior: Towards the front or in front
- Superficial: Closer to the surface or outer layer of the body
- Deep: Farther away from the surface, towards the inner layers of the body
Body Segments
- Bones are connected to each other at joints (articulations)
- Tendons connect muscles to bones
- Joints: Shoulder (Humerus and Scapula), Elbow (Humerus, Radius, and Ulna), Wrist (Radius, Ulna, and Carpal bones)
- Bones: Humerus (upper arm), Scapula (shoulder blade), Radius and Ulna (forearm), Carpal (wrist), Femur (thigh), Tibia (shin), Fibula (lower leg), Tarsal (ankle)
Skeletal System
- Composed of bones and cartilage
- Bones: rigid, contain blood vessels, and can be repaired
- Classification of bones: Compact and Spongy
- Cartilage: semi-rigid, found in joints, and avascular
- Classification of cartilage: Hyaline (articular), Fibrocartilage (vertebral)
- Appendicular Skeleton: bones associated with the shoulder, upper limbs, pelvis, and lower limbs
- Axial Skeleton: bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thorax (cage, sternum, and ribs)
Bony Features and Landmarks
- Caused by things attached to bones (e.g., muscles)
- Bony features: Elevations (bumps), Indentations (holes), and Features associated with joints
- Elevations: Tuberosity (large rough bump), Tubercle (small rounded bump), Trochanter (large rounded bump), Crest (long ridge of bone), Line (a ridge of bone not as big as a crest)
- Indentations: Foramen (hole), Fossa (depression/sunken part), Groove/sulcus (bone channel)
- Features associated with joints: Condyle (smooth part of bone), Head (rounded, ends of long bones), Acetabulum (large, circular depression in hip bone), Cavity (smaller, circular depression on scapula)
Muscles
- Made of cells called myocytes (muscle fibers)
- All muscle fibers run from one end of the muscle to the other
- All muscle fibers lie parallel to each other (Fibre direction)
- Always pull
- Cross joints
- Muscle forces tend to pull the insertion towards the origin
- Can cause movement at all joints they cross
- Often perform multiple movements
Types of Muscle Contraction
- Concentric Muscle Contraction: Shortening in length
- Eccentric Muscle Contraction: While getting longer (e.g., moving with gravity)
- Isometric Muscle Contraction: No movement
Functions of Muscles
- Agonist/Prime Mover: Main muscle responsible for producing movement (contracts concentrically)
- Antagonist: Muscle that opposes the prime mover
- Synergist: Assists the prime mover (contracts concentrically)
- Fixator: Muscle that keeps the proximal segment/joint steady during movement
Muscle Properties
- A muscle cannot create the same amount of force throughout a full range of movement
- When shortened, generates almost no force
- When lengthened, generates almost no force
- In between, generates the most amount of force
- Origin (IMMOBILE) and Insertion (MOBILE)
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Description
Learn the anatomical directions and positions, including superior, inferior, proximal, distal, medial, lateral, posterior, and anterior. Understand the relationships between body parts and their locations.
