Anatomy: Directions and Positions

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following anatomical directions refers to the location of a body part closer to the midline or center of the body?

  • Lateral
  • Distal
  • Proximal
  • Medial (correct)

What is the term for the joint where the humerus meets the scapula?

  • Shoulder Joint (correct)
  • Wrist Joint
  • Elbow Joint
  • Hip Joint

Which of the following types of bones is classified by shape?

  • Bones (correct)
  • Ligaments
  • Cartilage
  • Tendons

What is the term for the process by which bone grows or remodels itself in response to forces or demands?

<p>Wolf's Law (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is associated with the upper limb?

<p>Humerus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of cartilage found in joints?

<p>Hyaline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skeletal systems includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thorax?

<p>Axial Skeleton (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of bone that is full of blood vessels and can be repaired?

<p>Compact Bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a fixator muscle?

<p>Keeps the proximal segment/joint steady during movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a long ridge of bone?

<p>Crest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle contraction occurs when a muscle is getting longer?

<p>Eccentric muscle contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a small rounded bump on a bone?

<p>Tubercle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the agonist muscle in a movement?

<p>Contracts concentrically to produce movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a hole in a bone?

<p>Foramen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a muscle that opposes the prime mover in a movement?

<p>Antagonist (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a muscle when it is shortened?

<p>Generates almost no force (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Anatomical Position

  • Superior: Above or closer to the head
  • Inferior: Below or closer to the feet
  • Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment or center of the body (for limbs)
  • Distal: Farther from the point of attachment or center of the body (for limbs)
  • Medial: Closer to the midline or center of the body
  • Lateral: Farther away from the midline or center of the body
  • Posterior: Towards the back or behind
  • Anterior: Towards the front or in front
  • Superficial: Closer to the surface or outer layer of the body
  • Deep: Farther away from the surface, towards the inner layers of the body

Body Segments

  • Bones are connected to each other at joints (articulations)
  • Tendons connect muscles to bones
  • Joints: Shoulder (Humerus and Scapula), Elbow (Humerus, Radius, and Ulna), Wrist (Radius, Ulna, and Carpal bones)
  • Bones: Humerus (upper arm), Scapula (shoulder blade), Radius and Ulna (forearm), Carpal (wrist), Femur (thigh), Tibia (shin), Fibula (lower leg), Tarsal (ankle)

Skeletal System

  • Composed of bones and cartilage
  • Bones: rigid, contain blood vessels, and can be repaired
  • Classification of bones: Compact and Spongy
  • Cartilage: semi-rigid, found in joints, and avascular
  • Classification of cartilage: Hyaline (articular), Fibrocartilage (vertebral)
  • Appendicular Skeleton: bones associated with the shoulder, upper limbs, pelvis, and lower limbs
  • Axial Skeleton: bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thorax (cage, sternum, and ribs)

Bony Features and Landmarks

  • Caused by things attached to bones (e.g., muscles)
  • Bony features: Elevations (bumps), Indentations (holes), and Features associated with joints
  • Elevations: Tuberosity (large rough bump), Tubercle (small rounded bump), Trochanter (large rounded bump), Crest (long ridge of bone), Line (a ridge of bone not as big as a crest)
  • Indentations: Foramen (hole), Fossa (depression/sunken part), Groove/sulcus (bone channel)
  • Features associated with joints: Condyle (smooth part of bone), Head (rounded, ends of long bones), Acetabulum (large, circular depression in hip bone), Cavity (smaller, circular depression on scapula)

Muscles

  • Made of cells called myocytes (muscle fibers)
  • All muscle fibers run from one end of the muscle to the other
  • All muscle fibers lie parallel to each other (Fibre direction)
  • Always pull
  • Cross joints
  • Muscle forces tend to pull the insertion towards the origin
  • Can cause movement at all joints they cross
  • Often perform multiple movements

Types of Muscle Contraction

  • Concentric Muscle Contraction: Shortening in length
  • Eccentric Muscle Contraction: While getting longer (e.g., moving with gravity)
  • Isometric Muscle Contraction: No movement

Functions of Muscles

  • Agonist/Prime Mover: Main muscle responsible for producing movement (contracts concentrically)
  • Antagonist: Muscle that opposes the prime mover
  • Synergist: Assists the prime mover (contracts concentrically)
  • Fixator: Muscle that keeps the proximal segment/joint steady during movement

Muscle Properties

  • A muscle cannot create the same amount of force throughout a full range of movement
  • When shortened, generates almost no force
  • When lengthened, generates almost no force
  • In between, generates the most amount of force
  • Origin (IMMOBILE) and Insertion (MOBILE)

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