Anatomy Chapter Quiz

The study of the internal and external structures of the human body.

The study of how the body's structures function and work together.

The standard reference point for describing the body, standing upright, feet flat, arms at sides, palms forward.

Front of the body.

Back of the body.

Close to the surface of the body.

Towards the inside of the body.

Above or at a higher level in the body.

Away from the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk of the body.

Towards the head.

Towards the tailbone.

General areas of the body used to describe the location of organs and structures.

Think of a crown (coronal) sitting on your head, dividing front and back.

Divides the body into left and right.

Divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom).

A true body cavity located on the back, containing the brain and spinal cord.

A true body cavity on the front of the body, divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

The ability of a cell or organism to regulate its internal conditions to maintain balance and stability.

The outermost electron shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in chemical bonding.

A chemical bond formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another, creating oppositely charged ions that attract each other.

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms.

A weak bond formed between a hydrogen atom covalently linked to a highly electronegative atom (like oxygen) and an electronegative atom in a neighboring molecule.

A substance, like water, that can dissolve a wide range of substances due to its polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds.

Substances that readily interact with and dissolve in water, often having polar covalent bonds.

Substances that do not readily interact with or dissolve in water, often having non-polar covalent bonds.

A substance that releases ions when dissolved in water, making the solution electrically conductive.

A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water, increasing the acidity of the solution.

A substance that releases ions that bond with hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water, decreasing the acidity of the solution.

A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, indicating its acidity (low pH) or alkalinity (high pH).

A substance that helps to maintain the pH of a solution by resisting changes in hydrogen ion concentration.

A large molecule synthesized by living organisms, containing carbon atoms and often composed of repeating subunits (monomers).

A chemical reaction in which two monomers join together to form a larger molecule (polymer) with the release of a water molecule.

A chemical reaction in which a larger molecule (polymer) is broken down into smaller subunits (monomers) with the addition of a water molecule.

A type of connective tissue that is strong and durable, designed for resisting tension and providing structural support. It's rich in collagen fibers, giving it strength and flexibility.

A loose connective tissue that functions as 'packing material' beneath epithelia. It provides support and movement for organs, with a loose arrangement of fibers and many cell types.

A specialized connective tissue that stores fat. It provides padding and insulation around organs, protecting them from shock and helping to regulate body temperature.

A type of connective tissue with a high proportion of elastin fibers, making it highly elastic and able to stretch and recoil easily. It's found in structures that need to expand and contract.

A firm, flexible connective tissue found in many parts of the body. It provides support and cushioning while allowing some movement. Cartilage lacks blood vessels, which makes it slow to heal.

Carrier proteins bind to specific solutes and transport them across the cell membrane.

Channels regulate the flow of specific substances through the cell membrane, acting as passageways for molecules or ions.

A sticky sugar coat formed by glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans that extends outside the cell membrane.

Glycocalyx provides lubrication, protection, anchoring, locomotion, specifies binding, and recognition for cells.

The plasma membrane allows certain substances to pass through while inhibiting others, controlling what enters and exits the cell.

Movement of substances across the plasma membrane without requiring energy expenditure by the cell, relying on concentration gradients.

The passive movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, until equilibrium is reached.

Temperature, concentration gradient, electrical forces, the distance molecules need to travel, and the size of the molecules all affect the rate of diffusion.

The passive transport of water molecules through the plasma membrane driven by hydrostatic pressure, like a filter pushing fluid through.

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

Tonicity describes the effect of a solution on a cell's volume and shape, depending on the concentration of non-penetrating solutes surrounding it.

Transport of substances across the plasma membrane using carrier proteins, which can be either passive (facilitated diffusion) or active.

Carrier-mediated transport is specific, saturable, and can be regulated, meaning only certain substances bind, there's a limit to how much can be transported, and the process can be controlled.

The movement of large particles across the plasma membrane using small, membrane-bound sacs called vesicles, requiring energy expenditure by the cell.

Endocytosis brings substances into the cell by engulfing them in vesicles, while exocytosis releases substances out of the cell by fusing vesicles with the plasma membrane.

Muscle tissues are specialized for contraction and movement, allowing the body to perform actions.

The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.

Skeletal muscle is attached to bones, allowing for voluntary movement. It appears striated due to the arrangement of actin and myosin.

Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and is involuntarily controlled, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.

Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels, controlling involuntary movements like digestion and blood flow.

Muscle tissue functions in movement, heat production, and maintaining posture.

The epidermis is avascular because it does not have its own blood supply, relying on the dermis for nourishment.

Keratinocytes contribute to the thickness and strength of the epidermis, forming the structural foundation of the skin.

Melanocytes produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color, and protect the skin from UV radiation.

The dermis is the layer beneath the epidermis, containing blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue, providing strength and flexibility to the skin.

The subcutaneous layer, also called the hypodermis, is composed mainly of adipose tissue, providing insulation and cushioning for the skin.

The two types of hair are vellus hair, which is thin and peach fuzz-like, and terminal hair, which is thicker and stiffer.

The two types of exocrine glands in the skin are sebaceous glands and sweat glands (sudoriferous glands).

Eccrine sweat glands regulate body temperature through sweat evaporation, helping to cool the body.

Immovable joints found in the skull, connecting the cranial bones. They are fibrous joints, allowing for some flexibility during birth and growth.

Joints where bones are connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage, allowing limited movement.

Freely movable joints, characterized by a joint capsule filled with synovial fluid.

A lubricating fluid found in synovial joints, produced by the synovial membrane. It reduces friction, nourishes cartilage, and absorbs shock.

The full extent of movement possible at a particular joint, either actively by muscle contraction or passively by external force.

Two opposing surfaces slide past each other in one plane. Examples include movements of carpal bones, tarsal bones, and the clavicle on the sternum.

Joint movements that involve a change in angle between two bones, such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.

A complex angular motion where a limb moves in a circular motion, describing a cone shape. This movement involves flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Decreased kidney function leads to increased creatinine levels in the blood. This happens because the kidneys are less efficient at filtering creatinine from the bloodstream.

GFR stands for Glomerular Filtration Rate. It measures how well your kidneys are filtering waste products from your blood. It's calculated by dividing the amount of creatinine excreted in urine by the plasma concentration of creatinine.

A GFR of 100 indicates that your kidneys are functioning at 100% capacity.

BUN measures the levels of urea in the blood. An increased BUN indicates that your kidneys might not be filtering waste effectively.

Ureters are muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ responsible for storing urine before it's excreted from the body.

The detrusor muscle is a muscular layer in the bladder wall. It contracts to squeeze urine into the urethra during urination.

The internal urethral sphincter is involuntary and located at the neck of the bladder. The external urethral sphincter is voluntary and located at the end of the urethra.

The urine storage reflex involves sympathetic activity, preventing bladder contraction and maintaining sphincter closure. The urine voiding reflex involves parasympathetic activity, leading to sphincter relaxation and detrusor muscle contraction, allowing urination.

Infants lack voluntary control over urination due to undeveloped pathways. Older adults may experience decreased nephron function, kidney stone formation, decreased ADH sensitivity, sphincter muscle weakness, and urinary retention due to prostate enlargement.

The kidneys' ability to maintain a stable glomerular filtration rate (GFR) despite fluctuations in blood pressure. This is achieved by adjusting the diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles, which regulate blood flow to the glomerulus.

A complex hormonal system that raises blood pressure and GFR when they drop. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II by ACE. Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels, stimulates aldosterone release, and activates the sympathetic nervous system, all leading to increased blood pressure and GFR.

Hormones that promote sodium and water excretion, reducing blood volume and lowering blood pressure. They counter the effects of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).

SNS activation leads to vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles, reducing blood flow to the glomerulus and decreasing GFR. This conserves fluids in the body, particularly in situations of low blood pressure.

The process by which useful substances from the filtrate in the renal tubules are returned to the blood. This includes nutrients, water, and electrolytes.

The maximum rate at which a substance can be transported across the tubular membrane. Once the carrier proteins are saturated, further increases in substrate concentration won't increase the transport rate.

The process by which waste products and excess substances are transferred from the blood into the tubular fluid for excretion. This helps maintain blood pH and remove toxins.

ADH increases water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, leading to less urine volume and higher concentration. Under maximum ADH, urine concentration can match that of the renal medulla.

Blood vessels in the renal medulla that run parallel to the nephron loops. They help maintain the high solute concentration in the medulla, essential for water reabsorption.

Urea (from amino acid breakdown), creatinine (from muscle activity), and uric acid (from nucleic acid breakdown).

The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space, flanking the vertebral column at the level of T12-L3. The left kidney is slightly higher than the right due to the liver's position.

Each kidney is encased in three protective layers: the fibrous capsule (innermost), adipose tissue layer (middle, for cushioning), and renal fascia (outermost, anchoring to surrounding structures).

The kidneys receive a significant blood supply – about 20% of the cardiac output. Blood enters via the renal arteries and exits via the renal veins.

These cone-shaped structures in the renal medulla are responsible for filtering waste and concentrating urine. The apex of each pyramid, called the renal papilla, projects into the renal sinus.

Urine collects within the calyces (minor and major) before flowing into the funnel-shaped renal pelvis, which leads to the ureter.

Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery, branching into smaller vessels until it reaches the afferent arterioles, which feed the glomerulus.

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood, reabsorbing necessary substances, and secreting waste products to produce urine.

This structure consists of the glomerulus (capillary network) enclosed by Bowman's capsule. It's where filtration takes place, separating blood from waste.

This barrier, located within the glomerular capsule, allows small solutes and water to pass into the capsular space, while retaining larger molecules in the blood.

The renal tubule (including PCT, loop of Henle, DCT) fine-tunes the filtrate by reabsorbing necessary substances back into the blood and secreting wastes.

This specialized structure, located where the afferent arteriole meets the distal convoluted tubule, plays a critical role in blood pressure regulation.

Located in the distal tubule, these cells act as chemoreceptors and baroreceptors, monitoring the concentration and pressure of the tubular fluid.

This system gathers the tubular fluid from multiple nephrons, adjusts its composition, and ultimately delivers it to the renal pelvis.

Driven by blood pressure, this process forces fluid and small solutes from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule.

This is the crucial process where necessary substances are reabsorbed back into the blood from the renal tubule and collecting system.

The osteon is the functional unit of compact bone. It is a cylindrical structure that contains a central canal, lamellae (concentric rings of bone matrix), osteocytes (bone cells), and canaliculi (small channels that connect osteocytes to each other).

Ossification is the process of bone formation, while calcification is the deposition of calcium salts in any type of tissue. Ossification specifically refers to bone tissue formation, and calcification is a broader term that includes the deposition of calcium in other tissues, like cartilage or tendons.

Endochondral ossification is the process of bone formation that replaces existing hyaline cartilage with bone. This is the primary process for long bone development. Intramembranous ossification, also known as dermal ossification, occurs directly within a fibrous membrane, and is the primary process for flat bone development.

Interstitial growth is the process by which bones grow in length. This occurs at the epiphyseal plate, a region of hyaline cartilage where new cartilage cells are produced, pushed towards the diaphysis, and then replaced with bone.

Appositional growth is the process by which bones grow in width or diameter. This occurs when osteoblasts lay down new bone tissue on the outer surface of the bone, adding to the existing layers.

Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that synthesize and deposit new bone matrix. Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells that break down old bone tissue. Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix and help regulate bone remodeling.

The periosteum is a membrane that surrounds bone. It has an outer fibrous layer and an inner osteogenic layer containing osteoprogenitor cells. It provides protection, facilitates blood vessel and nerve attachment, and plays a role in bone growth and repair.

The axial skeleton consists of the bones along the central axis of the body. It provides structural support, protects vital organs like the brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs, and provides attachment points for muscles involved in posture, breathing, and limited movement.

The cranial bones form the skull and protect the brain. Examples include the occipital bone (back of the skull), parietal bones (2, sides of skull), frontal bone (forehead), temporal bones (2, sides of skull), ethmoid bone (roof of nasal cavity), and sphenoid bone (base of skull).

Fontanelles are fibrous membranes between the cranial bones of infants. They allow the skull to change shape during birth and permit rapid brain growth in early childhood. The anterior fontanelle is the “soft spot” on a newborn’s head.

Sinuses are air-filled cavities within certain cranial bones. They reduce the weight of the skull, produce mucus, and contribute to voice resonance.

The vertebral column is divided into five regions: cervical (7 vertebrae, neck), thoracic (12 vertebrae, chest), lumbar (5 vertebrae, lower back), sacral (1 fused unit, pelvis), and coccygeal (1 fused unit, tailbone).

Primary curves are the thoracic and sacral curves, formed during fetal development. Secondary curves are the cervical and lumbar curves, developed after birth. These curves help distribute weight evenly through the vertebral column and enhance balance.

A typical vertebra consists of three main parts: the vertebral body (large, drum-shaped portion), the vertebral arch (protects the spinal cord), and the articular processes (projections that articulate with neighboring vertebrae).

The thoracic cage consists of the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, and sternum. It protects the heart and lungs, provides attachment points for respiratory muscles, and contributes to breathing.

The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and scapula. It connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton, providing support and mobility for arm movements.

The pelvic girdle consists of the two hip bones. It connects the lower limbs to the axial skeleton, provides support for weight bearing, and protects pelvic organs.