Anatomy Chapter: Body Planes and Cavities
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for a body plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?

  • Coronal (correct)
  • Sagittal
  • Transverse
  • Midsagittal

    • Which body position is characterized by the arms hanging down with palms facing forward?

  • Supine
  • Flexed
  • True Anatomical Position (correct)
  • Prone

    • What type of body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?

  • Dorsal cavity (correct)
  • Thoracic cavity
  • Ventral cavity
  • Abdominal cavity

    • Which anatomical term refers to a depression or hollow in a bone?

    <p>Fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inner layer of the serous membrane that covers the surface of organs called?

    <p>Visceral layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body position is described by lying on the back with the face upward?

    <p>Supine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body cavity houses the lungs and heart?

    <p>Thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a narrow slit or opening in bone?

    <p>Fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleolus?

    <p>Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ribosome is involved in synthesizing proteins for export or for use within the cell membrane?

    <p>Membrane-bound ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

    <p>Synthesize and package proteins for export</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cis-face of the Golgi apparatus do?

    <p>Serves as the entry side for proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lysosomes?

    <p>Digest foreign substances and recycle cellular components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily responsible for oxidizing toxic organic materials?

    <p>Peroxisomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the inner membrane of mitochondria form?

    <p>Cristae for increased surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is synthesized by free ribosomes in the cytosol?

    <p>Proteins used inside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of proteins do mitochondrial ribosomes produce?

    <p>Proteins needed for mitochondrial function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is true?

    <p>It detoxifies harmful substances and synthesizes lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between temporal summation and spatial summation?

    <p>Temporal summation occurs from one presynaptic neuron, while spatial summation involves many.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune disease is characterized by the production of antibodies against acetylcholine receptors?

    <p>Myasthenia gravis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does neostigmine have in the treatment of Myasthenia gravis?

    <p>It enhances the binding time of acetylcholine to receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neural circuit is characterized by signals being sent from one neuron to multiple target neurons?

    <p>Diverging circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of multiple sclerosis due to its effect on the optic nerve?

    <p>Color vision defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which Botox affects muscle function?

    <p>It blocks synaptic release of excitatory neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effect of temporal summation on the postsynaptic neuron?

    <p>It can lead to action potential if threshold is reached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes both temporal and spatial summation?

    <p>Both can lead to depolarization if the membrane potential reaches threshold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Myasthenia gravis, what clinical symptoms may result from weakened voluntary muscles?

    <p>Droopy eyelids and double vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurotransmitter effect is primarily impacted by the action of Tetanus toxin?

    <p>Blockage of excitatory neurotransmitter release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Provides cell support and maintains cell shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily involved in the formation of cilia and flagella?

    <p>Centrosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the cell membrane?

    <p>It is a flexible but sturdy barrier composed mainly of phospholipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the cytosol?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What arrangement do microtubules exhibit in the centrosome?

    <p>Triplets in a 9+0 array</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cilia differ from flagella?

    <p>Cilia are short and often numerous, while flagella are long and typically singular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do integral proteins serve in the cell membrane?

    <p>They function as channels and receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein is associated with the functions of G proteins?

    <p>Peripheral proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of components found in phospholipids?

    <p>Hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of filament in the cytoskeleton is primarily responsible for cellular locomotion?

    <p>Microfilaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of G-proteins in signal transduction?

    <p>To couple receptors to enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to GDP when a ligand binds to a G protein-coupled receptor?

    <p>It is replaced by GTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a second messenger activated by G proteins?

    <p>Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced when adenylyl cyclase is activated by a G protein?

    <p>Cyclic AMP (cAMP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the binding of one ligand to a receptor?

    <p>Amplification of cellular response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for splitting the GTP molecule inactivated G protein?

    <p>GTPase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates diacylglycerol (DAG) in the signaling pathway?

    <p>Phospholipase C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of G protein signaling, which mechanism involves the generation of two second messengers?

    <p>Function of phospholipase C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ultimately happens to the G protein after it activates the enzyme?

    <p>It becomes inactivated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which second messenger can activate additional protein kinases after being triggered by IP3?

    <p>Calcium ions (Ca2+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Body Planes and Positions

    • Cardinal body planes: Transverse, sagittal, midsagittal, coronal, oblique
    • Anatomical planes and directions: Fossa, foramen, fissure, fenestration, ramus, process
    • True Anatomical Position: Body erect, head facing forward, arms hanging laterally, palms facing forward, legs slightly apart, feet flat facing forward.

    Body Cavities and Serous Membranes

    • Body cavities: Dorsal (contains CNS), Ventral (thoracic, abdominal, pelvic)
    • Serous membranes: Line body cavities and organs, parietal layer lines cavity walls, visceral layer covers organs.

    Cellular Structures

    • Nucleolus: Spherical, densely stained, site of rRNA synthesis.
    • Ribosomes: Packages of rRNA and protein, synthesize proteins for use inside or outside the cell.
    • Endoplasmic reticulum: Rough ER processes proteins for export, smooth ER synthesizes lipids and steroids.
    • Golgi apparatus: Modifies and sorts proteins before distribution, cis-face for protein entry, trans-face for protein exit.
    • Lysosomes: Membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes, digest foreign substances and cell components.
    • Peroxisomes: Smaller vesicles containing enzymes that oxidize toxic organic material.
    • Mitochondria: Double-membrane organelle, produce ATP, contain their own DNA.
    • Cytosol: 75-90% water, site of chemical reactions, contains building blocks for organelles.
    • Cytoskeleton: Network of protein filaments, provides support and shape, includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
    • Centrosome: Contains two centrioles, involved in cilia/flagella formation and mitotic spindle development.
    • Cilia and Flagella: Short and multiple (cilia) or long and single (flagella), involve microtubule arrangement for movement.
    • Cell membrane: Flexible barrier surrounding cytoplasm, made of phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, and proteins.

    Nerve Cells

    • Neurons: Functional unit of nervous system, composed of cell body, dendrites, and axon.
    • Types of neurons: Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar.
    • Neuroglia: Supporting cells of nervous system, types include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, Schwann cells, ependymal cells, and satellite cells.
    • Myelination: Insulating layer around axons, enhances nerve impulse conduction, formed by oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS).
    • Synapses: Junctions between neurons, allow communication via neurotransmitters.
    • Synaptic transmission: Process of communication across synapses, involves neurotransmitter release, receptor binding, and signal transduction.
    • Types of synapses: Chemical synapse, electrical synapse.
    • Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapse, include acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin.
    • Synaptic integration: Occurs at postsynaptic neuron, sums up multiple EPSPs and IPSPs to determine whether an action potential is generated.
    • Types of synaptic integration: Spatial summation, temporal summation.
    • Neural pathways: Networks of neurons that transmit signals, include diverging, converging, reverberating, and parallel-after-discharge circuits.

    Neural diseases and drugs

    • Myasthenia gravis: Autoimmune disease targeting acetylcholine receptors, affects muscle function, treated with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
    • Multiple sclerosis: Autoimmune disease affecting myelin sheath, causes plaques in CNS, affects optic nerve, leading to vision problems.
    • Botox injections: Block synaptic release of excitatory neurotransmitters, relax muscles, used for wrinkle reduction and eyelid spasms.
    • Tetanus toxin: Blocks synaptic release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, leads to spastic paralysis.

    G proteins and second messengers

    • G-proteins: Couple receptors to ion channels, activated by GTP binding, mediate signal transduction.
    • Second messengers: Activated by enzymes, amplify signal transduction, include cAMP, cGMP, DAG, IP3, Ca2+, arachidonic acid.

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    Anatomy Midterm 1 2024 Exam (OCR)

    Description

    Test your knowledge on body planes, positions, and cavities with this quiz. It covers cardinal body planes, true anatomical positions, and cellular structures. Challenge yourself to grasp the intricacies of human anatomy!

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