Anatomy Chapter 6 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the relationship between the origin and insertion of a muscle?

The origin is the fixed attachment, while the insertion is attached to the movable bone.

Body movements happen when muscles contract __.

across joints

What is flexion?

Flexion decreases the angle of the joint and brings two bones closer together.

What is extension?

Extension increases the angle between two bones or parts of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is rotation?

Rotation is the movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis. Signup and view all the answers

Lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin is called _______________.

dorsiflexion Signup and view all the answers

What is plantar flexion?

Plantar flexion is depressing the foot, or pointing the toes. Signup and view all the answers

What is abduction?

Abduction is movement away from the midline of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is adduction?

Adduction is movement toward the midline of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is circumduction?

Circumduction is the circular movement of a limb at the far end. Signup and view all the answers

What is inversion?

Inversion is the turning of the sole of the foot inward. Signup and view all the answers

What is eversion?

Eversion is the turning of the sole of the foot outward. Signup and view all the answers

What is supination?

Supination is the movement that turns the palm up. Signup and view all the answers

What is pronation?

Pronation is the movement that turns the palm down. Signup and view all the answers

What is opposition in terms of muscle movement?

Opposition refers to the ability of the thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers. Signup and view all the answers

What is elevation in anatomical terms?

Elevation is the upward movement of structures of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is depression in anatomical terms?

Depression is the downward movement of structures of the body. Signup and view all the answers

Muscles can't ___, they can only _

PUSH, PULL Signup and view all the answers

What are antagonistic pairs or groups of muscles?

Muscles that oppose or reverse a movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is a prime mover?

A prime mover is a muscle that has the major responsibility for causing a particular movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is an antagonist in muscle movement?

An antagonist is a muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover. Signup and view all the answers

What is a synergist?

A synergist is a muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is a fixator?

A fixator is a specialized synergist that stabilizes the origin of a prime mover. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 7 factors in naming skeletal muscles?

Direction, relative size, location, number of origins, location of the muscle's origin and insertion, shape, action. Signup and view all the answers

What can be learned from the name of a muscle?

You can learn about its direction, size, location, number of origins, attachment sites, shape, and action. Signup and view all the answers

What determines the range of motion and power of a muscle?

The fascicle arrangement determines both range of motion and power. Signup and view all the answers

Which fascicle arrangements are most powerful?

Stocky bipennate and multipennate arrangements are the most powerful. Signup and view all the answers

What are anabolic steroids?

Synthetic variants of the male hormone testosterone. Signup and view all the answers

What were steroids developed to do?

They were developed to treat certain muscle-wasting diseases. Signup and view all the answers

Name three notable athletes who have used steroids and been caught.

Marion Jones, Mark McGwire, Barry Bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What do athletes claim steroids will do for them?

Athletes claim steroids increase muscle mass, strength, and aggressive behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What are the risks for those who use steroids?

Risks include physical issues like liver damage and psychiatric problems. Signup and view all the answers

What is androstenedione?

Androstenedione is a substance that boosts testosterone levels. Signup and view all the answers

What muscles did the athlete pull during a high school workout?

He pulled his hamstring. Signup and view all the answers

Was Mr. Geiger's rectus abdominis cut during his appendectomy?

False Signup and view all the answers

What two broad superficial muscles of the back were receiving attention during a backrub?

The latissimus and trapezius muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What condition could indicate a possibility of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

The boy could have Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Signup and view all the answers

How does a tummy tuck relieve chronic back pain?

It increases intra-abdominal pressure, reducing compression on the vertebrae. Signup and view all the answers

What does acetylcholinesterase inhibitor mean?

It is a chemical that inhibits the enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine. Signup and view all the answers

What does a muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produce?

Flexion. Signup and view all the answers

What does a muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produce?

Extension. Signup and view all the answers

What does a muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produce?

Abduction. Signup and view all the answers

What does a muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produce?

Adduction. Signup and view all the answers

What are muscle attachments referred to as?

Origin and insertion. Signup and view all the answers

What movements are included in flexion, extension, hyperextension, and rotation?

These movements describe different ways in which joints can move. Signup and view all the answers

What movements are included in abduction, adduction, circumduction, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, supination, pronation, and opposition?

These describe various directional movements of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship of fascicle arrangement to muscle structure?

Fascicle arrangement impacts the muscle's power and range of motion. Signup and view all the answers

What are major anterior muscles?

Major anterior muscles are those located at the front of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What are major posterior muscles?

Major posterior muscles are those located at the back of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What are superficial anterior muscles?

These are muscles that are close to the surface at the front of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What are superficial posterior muscles?

These muscles are located just beneath the skin at the back of the body. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Muscle Anatomy and Function

Origin and Insertion: The origin is the fixed point of muscle attachment, while the insertion is attached to the movable bone. Muscle contraction pulls the insertion toward the origin.
Muscle Contraction: Body movements occur when muscles contract across joints.

Types of Movements

Flexion: Decreases the joint angle, bringing bones closer; typical in hinge joints (e.g., bending the knee).
Extension: Increases the angle between two bones or parts; hyperextension occurs beyond 180 degrees.
Rotation: Movement of a bone around its axis, common in ball-and-socket joints (e.g., shaking the head "no").
Dorsiflexion: Lifting the foot so the top approaches the shin (standing on heels).
Plantar Flexion: Pointing the toes down.
Abduction: Movement away from the body's midline (e.g., lifting arm sideways).
Adduction: Movement toward the midline of the body.
Circumduction: Circular limb movement, combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot medially.
Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot laterally.
Supination: Turning the palm up, involving lateral rotation of the forearm.
Pronation: Turning the palm down, involving medial rotation of the forearm.
Opposition: Thumb movement to touch the tips of other fingers.
Elevation: Upward movement of body structures (e.g., raising arms).
Depression: Downward movement of body structures.

Muscle Roles

PUSH vs. PULL: Muscles can only pull, never push.
Antagonistic Pairs: Muscles that oppose each other; one contracts while the other relaxes (e.g., biceps and triceps).
Prime Mover: The main muscle responsible for a specific movement.
Antagonist: Muscle that opposes the prime mover.
Synergist: Aids the prime mover and stabilizes the joint during movement.
Fixator: Specialized synergist that stabilizes a bone's origin to focus force on moving the insertion.

Naming Skeletal Muscles

Muscles are named based on:
- Direction of Fibers: e.g., "rectus" for straight, "oblique" for slanted.
- Relative Size: e.g., "maximus" (largest), "minimus" (smallest), "longus" (long).
- Location: Named after bones they are associated with (e.g., temporalis overlying the temporal bone).
- Number of Origins: e.g., biceps (two origins), triceps (three).
- Location of Origin and Insertion: e.g., sternocleidomastoid indicating its attachment sites.
- Shape: e.g., deltoid (triangular).
- Action: e.g., flexor, extensor, adductor.

Muscle Structure

Fascicles: Bundles of muscle fibers; arrangement affects the muscle’s power and range of motion.
Powerful Arrangements: Bipennate and multipennate muscles are thick and powerful, packing many fibers.

Anabolic Steroids

Definition: Synthetic derivatives of testosterone, used to enhance muscle mass and strength.
Originally Developed for: Treatment of conditions like muscle-wasting diseases, anemia, and muscle atrophy.
Athlete Usage: Claims of enhanced performance through increased muscle mass, strength, and aggressive behavior.
Risks: Physical and mental issues include infertility, liver damage, psychiatric problems, and drastic personality changes.

Notable Muscular Conditions

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A fatal condition characterized by muscle weakness, emphasizing genetic causes.
Muscle Injury: High-risk movements can lead to muscle pulls, such as hamstring injuries from improper extension.
Emergency Surgery: Surgical knowledge about underlying muscle structures prevents unnecessary damage.

Miscellaneous

Muscle Actions: Anteriorly positioned muscles lead to flexion, posteriorly lead to extension, laterally facilitate abduction, and medially enable adduction.
Muscle Attachments: Understanding origin and insertion is critical for predicting movement dynamics.

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Description

Test your knowledge of muscle anatomy and the significance of origin and insertion points in Chapter 6. This quiz focuses on understanding body movements and muscle contractions, helping you grasp essential concepts in human anatomy.