Anatomy Chapter 2 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is Biochemistry?

Study of processes that take place in organisms.

What is Matter?

Anything that has weight and takes up space.

What are Elements?

All matter is composed of fundamental substances.

What are Compounds?

Combination of 2 or more elements. Signup and view all the answers

What are Bulk Elements?

(O2, H2, N2, C, P, S) 95% of the human body, elements found in bulk in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What are Trace Elements?

Elements or minerals needed in very small amounts. Signup and view all the answers

What are Ultratrace Elements?

Vital in very small amounts, toxic in larger amounts. Signup and view all the answers

What are Atoms?

The building blocks of matter. Signup and view all the answers

What are Electrons?

Negatively charged particles. Signup and view all the answers

What are Protons?

Positively charged particles. Signup and view all the answers

What are Neutrons?

The particles of the nucleus that have no charge. Signup and view all the answers

What is Atomic Number?

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Signup and view all the answers

What is Atomic Weight?

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons. Signup and view all the answers

What are Isotopes?

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is an Unstable Isotope?

A radioactive isotope. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Molecule?

A combination of two or more atoms. Signup and view all the answers

What are Bonds?

Atoms combine with other atoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Octet Rule?

States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What does Inert mean?

Inactive, cannot form a bond. Signup and view all the answers

What are Ions?

Electrically charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is an Ionic Bond?

A bond formed between two ions by transfer of electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Covalent Bond?

Bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms. Signup and view all the answers

What are Polar Molecules?

A type of covalent bond where electrons are unequally shared, producing slight different charges at the poles. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Hydrogen Bond?

A chemical bond consisting of a hydrogen atom between two electronegative atoms. Signup and view all the answers

What are Chemical Reactions?

Breaking and forming of chemical bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What are Reactants?

Those being changed by the chemical reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What are Products?

Those formed at the reaction's conclusion. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Synthesis Reaction?

A chemical reaction in which two or more simple substances combine to form a new, more complex substance. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Decomposition Reaction?

Separation of a substance into two or more substances. Signup and view all the answers

What is an Exchange Reaction?

Reaction in which molecules are exchanged to create new products. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Reversible Reaction?

A chemical reaction in which the products re-form the original reactants. Signup and view all the answers

What are Catalysts?

Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed. Signup and view all the answers

What are Electrolytes?

Compounds that ionize when they dissolve in water. Signup and view all the answers

What are Acids?

Substances that release hydrogen ions. Signup and view all the answers

What are Bases?

Substances that release ions that can combine with hydrogen ions. Signup and view all the answers

What is Salt?

Substance formed by the reaction between an acid and a base. Signup and view all the answers

What does pH represent?

Represents the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a solution. Signup and view all the answers

What is Alkalosis?

Blood pH level of more than 7.45. Signup and view all the answers

What is Acidosis?

Blood pH level of less than 7.35. Signup and view all the answers

What are Organic Substances?

Made up of Carbon and Hydrogen including Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids. Signup and view all the answers

What are Inorganic Substances?

Chemicals that do not include carbon and hydrogen. Signup and view all the answers

What is Water?

The most abundant compound in cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is Oxygen?

Releases energy needed for metabolic activities from glucose. Signup and view all the answers

What is Carbon Dioxide?

Produced when energy is released during metabolic processes. Signup and view all the answers

What are Inorganic Salts?

Provide ions needed in a variety of metabolic processes. Signup and view all the answers

What are Bicarbonate ions?

Help maintain acid-base balance. Signup and view all the answers

What are Calcium ions?

Necessary for bone development, muscle contraction, and blood clotting. Signup and view all the answers

What are Carbonate ions?

Component of bone tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What are Chloride ions?

Help maintain water balance. Signup and view all the answers

What are Hydrogen ions?

pH of the internal environment. Signup and view all the answers

What are Magnesium ions?

Component of bone tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What are Phosphate ions?

Required for synthesis of ATP, nucleic acids, and other vital substances. Signup and view all the answers

What are Potassium ions?

Required for polarization of cell membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What are Sodium ions?

Required for polarization of cell membranes; help maintain water balance. Signup and view all the answers

What are Sulfate ions?

Help maintain polarization of cell membranes and acid-base balance. Signup and view all the answers

What are Carbohydrates?

Sugars or starches that provide much energy to cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are Lipids?

Supply energy and are used to build cell parts. Signup and view all the answers

What are Proteins?

Serve as structural materials, energy sources, hormones, receptors, antibodies, and enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

What are Monosaccharides?

Simple (one) sugar such as glucose, fructose, galactose. Signup and view all the answers

What are Disaccharides?

Double sugars such as maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Signup and view all the answers

What are Polysaccharides?

Many sugars. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of reactions involving carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides may be joined together via dehydration synthesis to form disaccharides or polysaccharides. Signup and view all the answers

What are Storage Carbohydrates?

Plants: Starch; Animals: Glycogen. Signup and view all the answers

What are Structural Carbohydrates?

Plants: Cellulose; Animals and fungi: Chitin. Signup and view all the answers

What do Lipids include?

Fats and oils, phospholipids, glycolipids, steroids. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of fats?

Stores twice the amount of energy of carbohydrates; cushions organs; insulates. Signup and view all the answers

What are Phospholipids?

Phosphate replaces a fatty acid chain. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biochemistry and Matter

Biochemistry studies the processes occurring in living organisms.
Matter is defined as anything that has weight and occupies space.
Elements are fundamental substances that make up all matter.
Compounds consist of two or more elements combined.

Elements and Body Composition

Bulk elements (O₂, H₂, N₂, C, P, S) account for 95% of the human body.
Trace elements are minerals essential in very small amounts.
Ultratrace elements are vital in minute amounts but can be toxic in larger quantities.

Atomic Structure and Isotopes

Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter, comprised of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Electrons are negatively charged particles, while protons carry a positive charge, and neutrons are neutral.
The atomic number indicates the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus, whereas atomic weight is the sum of protons and neutrons.
Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons.

Bonds and Chemical Properties

Molecules consist of two or more atoms united together.
Ionic bonds arise from the transfer of electrons between ions, creating charged atoms.
Covalent bonds are formed through the sharing of electrons between atoms.
Polar molecules have a covalent bond where electrons are unequally shared, resulting in slight charges at either end (e.g., water).
Hydrogen bonds occur when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom, interacting with another electronegative atom.

Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions involve breaking and forming chemical bonds, resulting in reactants transforming into products.
Synthesis reactions combine simple substances into more complex ones (A + B → AB).
Decomposition reactions separate a substance into simpler substances (AB → A + B).
Exchange reactions involve the swapping of components between molecules (AB + CD → AD + CB).
Reversible reactions can form reactants from products and vice versa (A + B ⇌ AB).
Catalysts speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.
Electrolytes ionize in water and are essential for various biological functions.

Acids, Bases, and pH

Acids release hydrogen ions in solution; bases produce ions that can combine with hydrogen ions.
Salts are products formed from the reaction between acids and bases.
pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions; a pH above 7.45 indicates alkalosis, while a pH below 7.35 indicates acidosis.

Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Organic substances contain carbon and hydrogen, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, characterized by their ring or chain structures.
Inorganic substances (e.g., water, oxygen, carbon dioxide) do not contain carbon and hydrogen.

Essential Biological Compounds

Water is crucial for cellular reactions and transports chemicals and heat.
Oxygen is essential for releasing energy from glucose.
Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of metabolic activities.
Inorganic salts provide necessary ions for metabolic processes.

Importance of Ions

Bicarbonate ions maintain acid-base balance.
Calcium ions are essential for bone development, muscle contractions, and blood clotting.
Phosphate ions are important for ATP production and nucleic acid synthesis.
Sodium and potassium ions are vital for cell membrane polarization and water balance.

Carbohydrates and Their Functions

Carbohydrates are sugars or starches that provide energy to cells; building blocks are simple sugars like glucose.
Types of carbohydrates include monosaccharides (single sugars), disaccharides (double sugars), and polysaccharides (many sugars).
Storage carbohydrates: starch in plants, glycogen in animals.
Structural carbohydrates: cellulose in plants, chitin in animals and fungi.

Lipids and Proteins

Lipids serve as energy reserves and structural components, built from glycerol and fatty acids.
Fats store more energy than carbohydrates and offer protection and insulation for organs.
Proteins serve numerous functions, including structural support, energy sources, hormones, receptors, antibodies, and enzymes, with amino acids as their building blocks.

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Explore the essential chemical concepts relevant to life in this Anatomy Chapter 2 quiz. This set of flashcards covers key terms like biochemistry, matter, elements, and compounds, providing a comprehensive review for students. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of the chemical basis of life.