Questions and Answers
The endocrine system consists of glands that:
Hormones are not a major regulator of:
Second messengers are important in the functioning of:
Nonsteroid hormones have hormone receptors in the:
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Nonsteroid hormones:
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Steroid hormones have hormone receptors in the:
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Steroid hormones:
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Hormones:
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The anterior pituitary:
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH):
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The anterior pituitary secretes:
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):
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The posterior pituitary gland releases:
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Oxytocin:
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ADH:
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The thyroid gland:
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The thyroid gland produces:
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Calcitonin causes:
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The parathyroid hormone:
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Aldosterone:
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Aldosterone:
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Aldosterone has its effects mainly on the cells of the:
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Cortisol:
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Cortisol:
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Androgens, which are similar to testosterone, are:
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Study Notes
Endocrine System Overview
- Consists of glands that release chemicals into the blood, not ducts or body cavities.
- Hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolism and blood pH, but not voluntary muscle movement.
Hormones and Their Mechanisms
- Nonsteroid hormones utilize second messengers for cellular functions, crucial for signaling.
- Nonsteroid hormones target receptors on the cell membrane, rather than the nucleus.
- Steroid hormones have receptors located in the nucleus and are responsible for protein synthesis in cells.
Feedback Mechanisms in Hormonal Regulation
- Hormones can operate through both positive and negative feedback systems to maintain homeostasis.
Pituitary Gland Functions
- Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) secretes various hormones including Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
- Posterior pituitary releases hormones like Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin, crucial for water regulation and uterine contractions.
Thyroid Gland Functions
- Located in the neck and produces T3, T4, and calcitonin, but does not store its hormones.
- Calcitonin reduces the blood concentration of calcium by inhibiting bone breakdown.
- Parathyroid hormone has the opposite effect of calcitonin, increasing blood calcium levels.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
- Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid, regulates sodium and potassium levels, primarily acting on kidney cells.
- Cortisol is a glucocorticoid stimulating gluconeogenesis and has an anti-immunity function.
Androgens and Epinephrine
- Androgens similar to testosterone are secreted by the inner zone of the adrenal cortex.
- Epinephrine, associated with stress response, enhances sympathomimetic effects rather than those of the parasympathetic system.
Key Takeaways
- Understanding the hormonal pathways and feedback loops is essential for grasping the endocrine system's complexity.
- Recognition of the specific roles of various glands and hormones clarifies their impacts on bodily functions.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the endocrine system and hormones with these flashcards from Anatomy Chapter 11. Each card challenges you to identify key concepts and their functions, helping reinforce essential information for your studies.
