Anatomy Basics: Position and Planes
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Questions and Answers

Which membrane directly covers the external surface of the heart?

  • Parietal pericardium
  • Parietal peritoneum
  • Visceral pericardium (correct)
  • Visceral pleura

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in skeletal and cardiac muscles?

  • Storing calcium ions for muscle contraction (correct)
  • Detoxifying drugs and alcohol
  • Synthesizing proteins
  • Producing most lipids of the cell

In the anatomical position, the palms are facing:

  • Laterally
  • Medially
  • Anteriorly (correct)
  • Posteriorly

Which structure is primarily responsible for packaging proteins into lysosomes or for secretion?

<p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions is called:

<p>Frontal Plane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is found in the nucleolus, the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope, rough ER, and the cytosol?

<p>Ribosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The peritoneum is the serous membrane associated with which cavity?

<p>Abdominal cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term indicates a structure closer to the body's surface?

<p>Superficial (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these organelles is enclosed by a double-unit membrane?

<p>Nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'brachial region' refers to which part of the body?

<p>Arm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body cavity contains the spinal cord?

<p>Vertebral Canal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure is responsible for synthesizing carbohydrates and modifying proteins?

<p>Golgi complex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is carried out by lysosomes?

<p>Digesting macromolecules and cell debris (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'distal' is best described as:

<p>Farther from the point of attachment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thoracic region is located:

<p>Above the diaphragm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a structure is described as 'medial', where is it located?

<p>Towards the midline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing ATP?

<p>Mitochondria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do lysosomes facilitate when a cell undergoes 'cell-suicide'?

<p>Autolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the organization of microtubules within a centriole?

<p>Nine groups of three microtubules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When non-permeating solute concentrations are the same inside and outside a cell, the solution is considered:

<p>Isotonic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will happen to a cell when placed in a hypertonic solution?

<p>The cell will shrink and crenate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes uses ATP to transport substances into a cell via vesicles?

<p>Endocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is ALWAYS true about water movement in osmosis?

<p>Water always accumulates on the side of a membrane with the most non-permeating solute. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of centrioles in cells?

<p>Cell division (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin contains dead, scaly, keratinized cells?

<p>Stratum corneum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sweat gland is primarily involved in producing sex pheromones?

<p>Apocrine sweat glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the dermis is composed of dense irregular connective tissue?

<p>Reticular layer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of merocrine sweat glands?

<p>Cooling the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin is the thick layer that contains keratinocytes?

<p>Stratum spinosum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the G1 phase in the cell cycle?

<p>To synthesize proteins and carry out cellular functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase directly follows the S phase in the cell cycle?

<p>G2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell?

<p>Anaphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of spindle fibers during mitosis?

<p>To tug on chromosomes and assist in their movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of skin is classified as 'thick skin'?

<p>The epidermis, particularly on the palms and soles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the integumentary system defined?

<p>The skin, hair, nails, and cutaneous glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component does NOT belong to the skin's structure?

<p>Endodermis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during telophase in mitosis?

<p>Nuclear envelopes re-form around chromosomal clusters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Stratum corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of dead, keratinized cells that form a protective barrier.

Stratum basale

A layer of the epidermis containing cells that produce keratin, a fibrous protein that makes skin tough and waterproof.

Merocrine sweat gland

A type of sweat gland that secretes a watery fluid primarily for cooling the body.

Apocrine sweat gland

A type of sweat gland that produces a thicker, oily sweat, especially during stress or sexual stimulation.

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Sebum

An oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands that lubricates the skin and hair.

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Autolysis

The process by which a cell digests its own components using its own lysosomal enzymes.

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Mitochondria

Organelles responsible for synthesizing ATP, the primary energy currency of the cell.

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Centrioles

A pair of short cylindrical structures found near the nucleus, composed of microtubules, that play a crucial role in cell division.

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Osmosis

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.

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Tonicity

The ability of a solution to affect the volume and pressure of a cell.

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Hypertonic solution

A solution with a higher concentration of non-permeating solutes than the cell's internal environment.

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Hypotonic solution

A solution with a lower concentration of non-permeating solutes than the cell's internal environment.

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Isotonic solution

A solution with the same concentration of non-permeating solutes as the cell's internal environment.

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Anatomical position

A body stance where the person stands upright, feet together, arms at the sides, palms forward, and the forearm rotated so the palm faces forward.

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Sagittal plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left portions.

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Frontal (coronal) plane

A vertical plane that is perpendicular to the sagittal plane, dividing the body into front and back portions.

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Transverse (horizontal) plane

A horizontal plane that cuts across the body or an organ, dividing it into upper and lower portions.

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Ventral

Towards the belly or front side of the body.

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Dorsal

Towards the back or spine of the body.

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Axial region

The region of the body that includes the head, neck, and trunk.

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Appendicular region

The region of the body that includes the upper and lower limbs.

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Pericardium

A two-layered membrane surrounding the heart, composed of the visceral pericardium (outer layer of the heart) and the parietal pericardium (inner layer of the cavity wall).

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Pleura

A two-layered membrane surrounding the lungs, composed of the visceral pleura (outer layer of the lung) and the parietal pleura (inner layer of the cavity wall).

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Peritoneum

A two-layered serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity, containing most digestive organs.

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Plasma Membrane

A membrane that encloses the cell, composed of proteins and lipids.

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Nucleus

The largest organelle in the cell, containing the cell's chromosomes. It's surrounded by a double-unit membrane called the nuclear envelope.

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A system of flattened, parallel channels covered in ribosomes, enclosed in a unit membrane. It synthesizes proteins destined for lysosomes or secretion.

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A system of tubular, parallel channels without ribosomes, enclosed in a unit membrane. Continuous with rough ER, detoxifies drugs and produces lipids.

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Ribosomes

Small granules composed of protein and RNA. They read the genetic code in messenger RNA and assemble amino acids into proteins.

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What are the four phases of the cell cycle?

The cell cycle is divided into four main phases: G1, S, G2, and M. G1 is the first gap phase, where the cell grows, synthesizes proteins, and performs its normal functions. S is the synthesis phase, where the cell replicates its DNA and centrioles. G2 is the second gap phase, where the cell prepares for mitosis by replicating its centrioles and synthesizing enzymes necessary for cell division. M is the mitotic phase, consisting of mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division), where the cell divides into two daughter cells.

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What is interphase?

G1, S, and G2 are collectively called interphase. It's the period during which a cell grows, copies its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division.

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What happens during prophase?

Prophase is the first stage of mitosis, marked by the condensation of chromosomes, the breakdown of the nuclear envelope, and the formation of the spindle fibers.

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What occurs during metaphase?

Metaphase is the second stage of mitosis, where the chromosomes align at the cell's equator, or middle. This ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes.

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What happens during anaphase?

Anaphase is the third stage of mitosis, where the sister chromatids (copies of the chromosome) are pulled apart by the spindle fibers and migrate towards opposite poles of the cell, ensuring each new cell receives a complete copy of the genetic material.

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What happens during telophase?

Telophase is the final stage of mitosis, where the chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell and decondense, and a new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes. This marks the end of nuclear division.

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What is the integumentary system?

The integumentary system is composed of the skin and its accessory organs, which include hair, nails, and cutaneous glands. The skin is divided into two layers: the epidermis, a stratified squamous epithelium, and the dermis, a deeper connective tissue layer. The hypodermis is a layer of connective tissue beneath the dermis, not technically part of the skin, but often studied with it.

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What is the difference between thick and thin skin?

Thick skin is found on the palms, soles, and corresponding surfaces of the fingers and toes. It has five layers in the epidermis. Thin skin covers the rest of the body and has only four layers in the epidermis.

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Study Notes

Anatomical Position

  • Person stands erect, feet flat, arms at sides, palms and face forward
  • Forearm supinated (palm facing forward)

Anatomical Planes

  • Sagittal: Vertical, divides into right and left portions
    • Median (midsagittal): Divides into equal halves
  • Frontal (coronal): Vertical, perpendicular to sagittal, divides into anterior and posterior portions
  • Transverse (horizontal): Across body/organ, perpendicular to long axis, divides into superior and inferior portions

Directional Terms

  • Ventral/Anterior: Toward the front
  • Dorsal/Posterior: Toward the back
  • Cephalic/Superior: Toward the head/above
  • Inferior: Below
  • Medial: Toward the midline
  • Lateral: Away from the midline
  • Superficial: Closer to the body surface
  • Deep: Farther from the body surface
  • Proximal: Closer to point of attachment
  • Distal: Farther from point of attachment

Body Regions

  • Axial: Head, neck, trunk
    • Thoracic (above diaphragm)
    • Abdominal (below diaphragm)
  • Appendicular: Upper and lower limbs (extremities)
    • Upper limb: Arm (brachial), forearm (antebrachial), wrist (carpal), hand (manual), fingers (digits)
    • Lower limb: Thigh (femoral), leg (crural), ankle (tarsal), foot (pedal), toes (digits)

Body Cavities and Membranes

  • Cranial: Contains the brain
  • Vertebral canal: Contains the spinal cord
  • Thoracic: Above diaphragm
    • Pericardial: Contains the heart
      • Visceral pericardium: External surface of the heart
      • Parietal pericardium: Lines inside of cavity
    • Pleural: Contains each lung
      • Visceral pleura: External surface of the lung
      • Parietal pleura: Lines inside of cavity
  • Abdominopelvic: Below diaphragm
    • Abdominal: Most digestive organs
    • Pelvic: Lower abdominal organs
  • Peritoneum: Two-layered membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity

The Cell

  • Plasma (cell) membrane: Composed of proteins and lipids
  • Nucleus: Largest organelle, contains chromosomes, surrounded by nuclear envelope
  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): System of flattened channels with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Tubular channels without ribosomes, detoxifies, produces lipids
  • Ribosomes: Protein and RNA granules, read mRNA code & assemble amino acids into proteins
  • Golgi Complex: Channels, synthesizes/modifies/packages proteins
  • Lysosomes: Enzymes, digest materials, assist in autolysis
  • Mitochondria: Synthesize ATP ("powerhouses"), double unit membrane
  • Centrioles: Microtubule assemblies, pair, role in cell division

Membrane Transport

  • Osmosis: Net water flow across selectively permeable membrane
  • Tonicity: Ability of a solution to affect fluid volume/pressure in cell
    • Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration than ICF, cells lose water (crenate)
    • Hypotonic: Lower solute concentration than ICF, cells absorb water (swell, lyse)
    • Isotonic: Same solute concentration as ICF, no change in cell shape/volume
  • Vesicular transport: Large particles, droplets, or molecules moved via vesicles; endocytosis/exocytosis

Cell Cycle

  • G1 (first gap): Cell growth, protein synthesis, tasks
  • S (synthesis): Duplicates centrioles, replicates DNA
  • G2 (second gap): Finishes replicating centrioles, synthesizes enzymes
  • M (mitotic): Replicates nucleus, divides into two daughter cells (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

Integumentary System

  • Skin (integument)
  • Epidermis: Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • Dermis: Connective tissue, papillary and reticular layers
  • Hypodermis: Connective tissue, not part of skin
  • Skin types: Thick (palms, soles) and thin
  • Hair follicles, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

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Description

Explore the foundational concepts of anatomy including anatomical position, planes, and directional terms. This quiz will test your knowledge on body regions and their definitions, helping you grasp the essential terminologies used in human anatomy.

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