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Questions and Answers
Which membrane directly covers the external surface of the heart?
Which membrane directly covers the external surface of the heart?
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in skeletal and cardiac muscles?
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in skeletal and cardiac muscles?
In the anatomical position, the palms are facing:
In the anatomical position, the palms are facing:
Which structure is primarily responsible for packaging proteins into lysosomes or for secretion?
Which structure is primarily responsible for packaging proteins into lysosomes or for secretion?
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A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions is called:
A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions is called:
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Which organelle is found in the nucleolus, the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope, rough ER, and the cytosol?
Which organelle is found in the nucleolus, the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope, rough ER, and the cytosol?
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The peritoneum is the serous membrane associated with which cavity?
The peritoneum is the serous membrane associated with which cavity?
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Which term indicates a structure closer to the body's surface?
Which term indicates a structure closer to the body's surface?
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Which of these organelles is enclosed by a double-unit membrane?
Which of these organelles is enclosed by a double-unit membrane?
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The 'brachial region' refers to which part of the body?
The 'brachial region' refers to which part of the body?
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Which body cavity contains the spinal cord?
Which body cavity contains the spinal cord?
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Which cellular structure is responsible for synthesizing carbohydrates and modifying proteins?
Which cellular structure is responsible for synthesizing carbohydrates and modifying proteins?
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Which function is carried out by lysosomes?
Which function is carried out by lysosomes?
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The term 'distal' is best described as:
The term 'distal' is best described as:
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The thoracic region is located:
The thoracic region is located:
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If a structure is described as 'medial', where is it located?
If a structure is described as 'medial', where is it located?
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Which cellular organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing ATP?
Which cellular organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing ATP?
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What process do lysosomes facilitate when a cell undergoes 'cell-suicide'?
What process do lysosomes facilitate when a cell undergoes 'cell-suicide'?
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What is the organization of microtubules within a centriole?
What is the organization of microtubules within a centriole?
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When non-permeating solute concentrations are the same inside and outside a cell, the solution is considered:
When non-permeating solute concentrations are the same inside and outside a cell, the solution is considered:
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What will happen to a cell when placed in a hypertonic solution?
What will happen to a cell when placed in a hypertonic solution?
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Which of the following processes uses ATP to transport substances into a cell via vesicles?
Which of the following processes uses ATP to transport substances into a cell via vesicles?
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According to the content, what is ALWAYS true about water movement in osmosis?
According to the content, what is ALWAYS true about water movement in osmosis?
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What is the primary function of centrioles in cells?
What is the primary function of centrioles in cells?
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Which layer of the skin contains dead, scaly, keratinized cells?
Which layer of the skin contains dead, scaly, keratinized cells?
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What type of sweat gland is primarily involved in producing sex pheromones?
What type of sweat gland is primarily involved in producing sex pheromones?
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Which layer of the dermis is composed of dense irregular connective tissue?
Which layer of the dermis is composed of dense irregular connective tissue?
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What is the primary function of merocrine sweat glands?
What is the primary function of merocrine sweat glands?
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Which layer of the skin is the thick layer that contains keratinocytes?
Which layer of the skin is the thick layer that contains keratinocytes?
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What is the main purpose of the G1 phase in the cell cycle?
What is the main purpose of the G1 phase in the cell cycle?
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Which phase directly follows the S phase in the cell cycle?
Which phase directly follows the S phase in the cell cycle?
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In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell?
In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell?
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What is the role of spindle fibers during mitosis?
What is the role of spindle fibers during mitosis?
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Which layer of skin is classified as 'thick skin'?
Which layer of skin is classified as 'thick skin'?
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How is the integumentary system defined?
How is the integumentary system defined?
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Which component does NOT belong to the skin's structure?
Which component does NOT belong to the skin's structure?
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What occurs during telophase in mitosis?
What occurs during telophase in mitosis?
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Study Notes
Anatomical Position
- Person stands erect, feet flat, arms at sides, palms and face forward
- Forearm supinated (palm facing forward)
Anatomical Planes
- Sagittal: Vertical, divides into right and left portions
- Median (midsagittal): Divides into equal halves
- Frontal (coronal): Vertical, perpendicular to sagittal, divides into anterior and posterior portions
- Transverse (horizontal): Across body/organ, perpendicular to long axis, divides into superior and inferior portions
Directional Terms
- Ventral/Anterior: Toward the front
- Dorsal/Posterior: Toward the back
- Cephalic/Superior: Toward the head/above
- Inferior: Below
- Medial: Toward the midline
- Lateral: Away from the midline
- Superficial: Closer to the body surface
- Deep: Farther from the body surface
- Proximal: Closer to point of attachment
- Distal: Farther from point of attachment
Body Regions
- Axial: Head, neck, trunk
- Thoracic (above diaphragm)
- Abdominal (below diaphragm)
- Appendicular: Upper and lower limbs (extremities)
- Upper limb: Arm (brachial), forearm (antebrachial), wrist (carpal), hand (manual), fingers (digits)
- Lower limb: Thigh (femoral), leg (crural), ankle (tarsal), foot (pedal), toes (digits)
Body Cavities and Membranes
- Cranial: Contains the brain
- Vertebral canal: Contains the spinal cord
- Thoracic: Above diaphragm
- Pericardial: Contains the heart
- Visceral pericardium: External surface of the heart
- Parietal pericardium: Lines inside of cavity
- Pleural: Contains each lung
- Visceral pleura: External surface of the lung
- Parietal pleura: Lines inside of cavity
- Pericardial: Contains the heart
- Abdominopelvic: Below diaphragm
- Abdominal: Most digestive organs
- Pelvic: Lower abdominal organs
- Peritoneum: Two-layered membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity
The Cell
- Plasma (cell) membrane: Composed of proteins and lipids
- Nucleus: Largest organelle, contains chromosomes, surrounded by nuclear envelope
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): System of flattened channels with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Tubular channels without ribosomes, detoxifies, produces lipids
- Ribosomes: Protein and RNA granules, read mRNA code & assemble amino acids into proteins
- Golgi Complex: Channels, synthesizes/modifies/packages proteins
- Lysosomes: Enzymes, digest materials, assist in autolysis
- Mitochondria: Synthesize ATP ("powerhouses"), double unit membrane
- Centrioles: Microtubule assemblies, pair, role in cell division
Membrane Transport
- Osmosis: Net water flow across selectively permeable membrane
- Tonicity: Ability of a solution to affect fluid volume/pressure in cell
- Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration than ICF, cells lose water (crenate)
- Hypotonic: Lower solute concentration than ICF, cells absorb water (swell, lyse)
- Isotonic: Same solute concentration as ICF, no change in cell shape/volume
- Vesicular transport: Large particles, droplets, or molecules moved via vesicles; endocytosis/exocytosis
Cell Cycle
- G1 (first gap): Cell growth, protein synthesis, tasks
- S (synthesis): Duplicates centrioles, replicates DNA
- G2 (second gap): Finishes replicating centrioles, synthesizes enzymes
- M (mitotic): Replicates nucleus, divides into two daughter cells (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
Integumentary System
- Skin (integument)
- Epidermis: Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Dermis: Connective tissue, papillary and reticular layers
- Hypodermis: Connective tissue, not part of skin
- Skin types: Thick (palms, soles) and thin
- Hair follicles, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of anatomy including anatomical position, planes, and directional terms. This quiz will test your knowledge on body regions and their definitions, helping you grasp the essential terminologies used in human anatomy.
