Anatomy and Physiology

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Questions and Answers

Why are sympathetic responses considered widespread?

  • Preganglionic fibers are long.
  • NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response. (correct)
  • Preganglionic fibers are short.
  • Inactivation of ACh is fairly slow.

At which vertebral level might sympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord?

  • Second Cervical
  • First Thoracic (correct)
  • Third Lumbar
  • First Coccyx

What primary structures are contained within autonomic ganglia?

  • Both somatic afferent and efferent neurons
  • An outer connective tissue capsule around the cell bodies of preganglionic motor neurons
  • Synapses between postganglionic fibers and their effectors
  • The cell bodies and dendrites of motor neurons (correct)

Which nerve's parasympathetic fibers stimulate many large glands in the head, such as the nasal and lacrimal glands?

<p>Facial (VII) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic trunks without synapsing?

<p>Splanchnic nerves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a plexus associated with the vagus (X) nerve?

<p>Inferior hypogastric (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a parasagittal plane?

<p>Any sagittal plane except in the midline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ or structure is most likely found in the left iliac region?

<p>Intestines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the parietal pleura represent?

<p>Lining the thoracic cavity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction is exemplified by amino acids joining to form a peptide?

<p>Synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing a reaction rate?

<p>Time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure would aid a cell in absorbing more nutrients?

<p>Microvilli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the relationship between concentration gradient and net diffusion?

<p>The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intercellular junction would you expect to find in abundance in a tissue that experiences a great deal of mechanical stress, like the lining of the small intestine?

<p>Desmosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding connective tissue?

<p>Collagen fibers provide high tensile strength. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What statement is correct about stem cells in connective tissue?

<p>“Blast” cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair.

<p>Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the characteristics of stratified epithelia?

<p>Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes adipose tissue.

<p>Its primary function is nutrient storage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The friction ridges seen in finger, palm and foot prints are different among various people but very similar between identical twins. This evidence suggests which of the following?

<p>That friction ridges are genetically determined. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?

<p>Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following would indicate a liver disease such as hepatitis resulting in elevated bilirubin?

<p>The skin and sclera of the eyes appear to have an abnormal, yellowish tint. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A dendritic or Langerhans cell is a specialized _________.

<p>phagocytic cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?

<p>nutrition and hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone disorder is characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption?

<p>Paget's disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Choose which bone marking type would likely increase in size when a weight lifter repeatedly exercises muscles that attach to it.

<p>trochanter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone tissue is best adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses?

<p>compact bone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of _________.

<p>Fat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the _________.

<p>osteoblast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bones in the skull have many different names but what are the boundaries of each bone? Where do they start and stop?

<p>Bones of the skull are separated by immobile joints called sutures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be considered a function of the paranasal sinuses?

<p>Sinuses take away a minimal amount of strength from bones while reducing the weight of bones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the bones of the skull would you also refer to as a cheekbone?

<p>the zygomatic bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be most associated with housing the special sense organs?

<p>the temporal bones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be in charge of warming, humidifying, and filtering the air we inhale?

<p>the nasal cavity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is the best description for the function of the cranial bones?

<p>protection of the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sphenoid bone is sometimes referred to as a "key stone" of the skull. This is due to the fact that?

<p>the sphenoid is in the center of the skull and it articulates (joins) with all of the other bones of the skull (excluding the mandible) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sella turcica is part of the __________ bone and houses the __________ gland.

<p>sphenoid; pituitary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From the list below, select the least likely explanation for the relatively high mobility of the arms.

<p>The subscapular notch is a passageway for nerves. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The proximal end of the ulna illustrates the relationship of form and function. The rounded trochlear notch articulates with the hourglass shape of the trochlea. This forms a joint that allows for _________.

<p>the hinge like motion of the forearm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The proximal end of the radius illustrates the relationship of form and function. The cup-like surface of the radial head articulates with the rounded shape of the capitulum. This forms a joint that allows for _________.

<p>the rotational motion of the forearm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Baseball pitchers often require "Tommy John" surgery to repair damage to their elbow. Which ligament would this surgery target?

<p>ulnar collateral ligament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of an interosseous fibrous joint is _________.

<p>the radius and ulna along its length (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Why are sympathetic responses widespread?

Sympathetic responses are widespread because NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response.

Sympathetic Nerves Exit

Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at the first thoracic vertebra.

Contents of Autonomic Ganglia

Autonomic ganglia contain the cell bodies and dendrites of motor neurons.

Facial Nerve (VII) Function

The parasympathetic fibers of the facial (VII) nerve stimulate many large glands in the head such as the nasal and lacrimal glands.

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Splanchnic Nerves Definition

Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic trunks without synapsing form structures called splanchnic nerves.

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Vagus Nerve Plexus Exception

Inferior hypogastric is NOT a plexus of the vagus (X) nerve.

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Parasagittal Plane Definition

A parasagittal plane is any sagittal plane except in the midline.

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Left Iliac Region Contents

Intestines would be found in the left iliac region.

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Parietal Pleura Location

The parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity.

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Peptide Formation Reaction

Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a synthesis reaction.

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Influencing Reaction Rate

Time is NOT typically considered a factor in influencing a reaction rate.

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Nutrient Absorption Aid

Microvilli would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell.

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Net Diffusion Factors

The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of net diffusion.

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Desmosomes Function

In a tissue type that undergoes a relatively great deal of mechanical stress, like the tissue that lines the intestine, you would expect to see an abundance of desmosomes between the individual cells of the tissue.

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Collagen Fiber Property

Collagen fibers provide high tensile strength.

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Connective Tissue "Blast" Cells

"Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.

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Role of Inflammation

Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable during tissue repair.

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Stratified Epithelia Location

Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.

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Adipose Tissue Function

The primary function of adipose tissue is nutrient storage.

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Friction Ridges Genetics

Friction ridges are genetically determined.

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Skin's UV Protection

Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.

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Jaundice Indication

The skin and sclera of the eyes appear to have an abnormal, yellowish tint indicate a liver disease such as hepatitis resulting in elevated bilirubin.

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Langerhans Cell Type

A dendritic or Langerhans cell is a specialized phagocytic cell.

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Influencing Hair Growth

Nutrition and hormones are the most important factors influencing hair growth.

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Paget's Disease

Paget's disease is characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption.

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Trochanter Growth Trigger

Trochanter bone marking type would likely increase in size when a weight lifter repeatedly exercises muscles that attach to it.

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Compact Bone Function

Compact bone tissues are adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses.

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Yellow Marrow Composition

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of fat.

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Bone Matrix Secretion

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the osteoblast.

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Skull Bone Boundaries

Bones of the skull are separated by immobile joints called sutures.

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Paranasal

Sinuses take away a minimal amount of strength from bones while reducing the weight of bones.

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Zygomatic

The zygomatic bone of the skull would you also refer to as a cheekbone.

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Sense Organs

The nasal cavity would be most associated with housing the special sense organs?

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Nasal Cavity Filters

The nasal cavity would be best described as warming, humidifying, and filtering the air we inhale?

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Key description

Protection of the brain is the best description for the function of the cranial bones?

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Which part is in the center?

The sphenoid is in the center of the skull and it articulates (joins) with all of the other bones of the skull (excluding the mandible).

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Where pituitary found?

The sella turcica is part of the sphenoid bone and houses the pituitary gland.

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Radius joints

Rotation motion of the forearm.

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Tommy John

The ulnar collateral ligament surgery would deal the elbow.

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What joints exists?

the radius and ulna along its length for an interosseous fibrous joint.

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Study Notes

  • Sympathetic responses are generally widespread because norepinephrine and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response.
  • Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at the first thoracic vertebra.
  • Autonomic ganglia contain the cell bodies and dendrites of motor neurons
  • The parasympathetic fibers of the facial (VII) nerve stimulate many large glands in the head such as the nasal and lacrimal glands.
  • Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic trunks without synapsing form structures called splanchnic nerves.
  • The inferior hypogastric is not a plexus of the vagus (X) nerve.
  • A parasagittal plane is described as any sagittal plane except in the midline.
  • Intestines would be found in the left iliac region.
  • The parietal pleura represents a serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity.
  • Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a synthesis reaction.
  • Time is not considered a factor in influencing a reaction rate.
  • Microvilli would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell.
  • Regarding net diffusion, the greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate.
  • In a tissue type that undergoes a relatively great deal of mechanical stress, like the tissue that lines the intestine, an abundance of desmosomes would be expected between the individual cells of the tissue.
  • Collagen fibers provide high tensile strength.
  • "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing stem cells of connective tissue.
  • Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable during tissue repair.
  • Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.
  • The primary function of adipose tissue is nutrient storage.
  • Friction ridges are genetically determined
  • Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen, protecting the skin from UV damage.
  • Skin and sclera of the eyes appear to have an abnormal, yellowish tint and indicate a liver disease such as hepatitis resulting in elevated bilirubin.
  • A dendritic or Langerhans cell is a specialized phagocytic cell.
  • Nutrition and hormones are the most important factors influencing hair growth.
  • Paget's disease is a bone disorder characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption.
  • A trochanter bone marking type would likely increase in size when a weight lifter repeatedly exercises muscles that attach to it.
  • Compact bone tissue is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses..
  • Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of fat.
  • The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the osteoblast.
  • Bones of the skull are separated by immobile joints called sutures
  • Sinuses take away a minimal amount of strength from bones while reducing the weight of bones and is a function of the paranasal sinuses.
  • The zygomatic bone is also referred to as the cheekbone.
  • The nasal cavity is most associated with housing the special sense organs.
  • The temporal bones are a cranial bone.
  • The nasal cavity is most associated with the process of warming, humidifying, and filtering the air we inhale.
  • Cranial bones primarily provide protection of the brain.
  • The sphenoid is in the center of the skull and it articulates (joins) with all of the other bones of the skull (excluding the mandible) and this the reason why it is referred to as the keystone of the skull _ The sella turcica is part of the sphenoid bone and houses the pituitary gland.
  • The subscapular notch being a passageway for nerves is the least likely explanation for the relatively high mobility of the arms.
  • The rounded trochlear notch articulates with the hourglass shape of the trochlea. This forms a joint that allows for the hinge-like motion of the forearm.
  • The cup-like surface of the radial head articulates with the rounded shape of the capitulum. This forms a joint that allows for the rotational motion of the forearm.
  • Baseball pitchers often require "Tommy John" surgery to repair damage to their elbow on the ulnar collateral ligament
  • The radius and ulna along it's length is an example of an interosseous fibrous joint.

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