Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1 Quiz

Unit 1: Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomical Position: Standard reference position for the human body (standing erect, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward).
• Directional Terms: Precisely describe the location of body parts relative to each other.
• Body Regions, Planes & Cavities: Different regions, planes (e.g., sagittal, transverse, coronal), and cavities (e.g., thoracic, abdominal, pelvic) that compartmentalize the body.
• Cell Structure & Function: Parts of a cell and their functions (detailed knowledge expected).
• Cellular Processes:
• Cellular Respiration: Metabolic process that generates energy for cell function.
• Mitosis: Cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
• Meiosis: Cell division that results in four genetically unique daughter cells.
• Diffusion: Passive movement of substances across a membrane from high to low concentration.
• Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
• Filtration: Movement of substances across a membrane due to pressure differences.
• Active Transport: Movement of substances across a membrane against a concentration gradient requiring energy.
• Specialized Cell Types & Structures: Define and locate:
• Glands: Structures that produce and secrete chemical substances.
• Tissue: Groups of cells with similar structure and function.
• Membrane: Thin layer of tissue covering surfaces, lining cavities.
• Goblet Cell: Secretory cell that produces mucus.
• Chondrocyte: Type of cell that forms cartilage.
• Lacunae: Small spaces in cartilage containing chondrocytes.
• Ground Substance: Non-cellular material in connective tissues.
• Elastic Fibers: Provide flexibility to connective tissues.
• Collagenous Fibers: Provide strength and support to connective tissues.
• Tissue Types & Locations: Detailed characteristics and locations of different tissues (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous).
• Gland Classification: Differentiation between exocrine (secreting to external surfaces) and endocrine (secreting into the blood) glands.
• Membranes: Distinction between mucous membranes and serous membranes (lining of internal body cavities).
• Skin Structure:
• Two layers: epidermis and dermis.
• Sublayers (papillary/reticular layers) of dermis, Hypodermis
• Skin Components & Functions:
• Melanocyte: Pigment-producing cell in the epidermis.
• Melanin: Skin pigment.
• Sudoriferous Glands (Eccrine Glands): Sweat glands.
• Sebaceous Glands: Oil-producing glands.
• Functions of the Integumentary System: (At least five).

Unit 2: Skeletal System & Human Development

• Skeletal System Components: Identification of parts of the skeletal system (bones, cartilage, ligaments).
• Skeletal System Functions: Four primary functions of the skeletal system (support, protection, movement, storage).
• Bone Classification: Four major categories of bone based on shape (long, short, flat, irregular).
• Compact vs. Cancellous Bone: Distinction between compact (dense) and cancellous (spongy) bone.
• Osteon Structure: Detailed structure of the fundamental unit of compact bone.
• Terminology:
• Appendicular Skeleton: Bones of the limbs.
• Axial Skeleton: Bones of the head, neck, and trunk.
• Osteoblast: Bone-forming cell.
• Osteoclast: Bone-resorbing cell.
• Osteocyte: Mature bone cell.
• Bone Remodeling: Continuous process of bone breakdown and formation.
• Condyle: Rounded projection on a bone that forms a joint.
• Human Development:
• Fertilization: Union of sperm and egg.
• Zygote: Fertilized egg.
• Morula: Early stage of embryonic development.
• Blastocyst: Further development stage.
• Embryo/Fetus: Key developmental stages.
• Implantation: Process of blastocyst attachment.
• Amnion: Membrane enclosing the embryo in amniotic fluid.
• Chorion: Membrane which forms the fetal part of the placenta.
• Yolk Sac: Structure providing nutrient supply in early embryonic development.
• Placenta: Organ that facilitates exchange between mother and fetus.
• Umbilical Cord: Connects the fetus to the placenta.
• Gestation Period: Average length of pregnancy.
• Stages of Labor: Three stages of childbirth process.
• Monozygotic vs. Dizygotic Twins: Distinction between identical and fraternal twins.

Test your knowledge on the basics of anatomy and physiology with this quiz covering anatomical positions, directional terms, body regions, cellular structure, and important cellular processes. Ideal for students starting their journey in understanding human biology.