Anatomy and Physiology: True/False

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Questions and Answers

Which part of the serous membrane specifically lines the wall of the peritoneal cavity?

  • Mesentery
  • Parietal peritoneum (correct)
  • Greater omentum
  • Visceral peritoneum

Which division of the autonomic nervous system generally innervates a greater number of organs?

  • Sympathetic division
  • Somatic nervous system
  • Enteric nervous system
  • Parasympathetic division (correct)

An atom's atomic number is determined by which of the following?

  • The number of electrons orbiting its nucleus.
  • The number of neutrons in its nucleus.
  • The number of protons in its nucleus. (correct)
  • The sum of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

While skeletal muscles vary in shape, what characteristic is generally consistent across all skeletal muscles?

<p>The arrangement of fascicles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fibers primarily connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres in the brain?

<p>Commissural fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical innervation pattern of visceral organs by the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Dual innervation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular process involves cells engulfing substances and bringing them inside for degradation, rather than secreting substances?

<p>Phagocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional unit that includes a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls called?

<p>Motor unit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is predominantly found in organs like the spleen and lymph nodes, providing structural support?

<p>Reticular connective tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are aquaporins primarily believed to be located in the body?

<p>In red blood cells and kidney tubules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptor are lamellar corpuscles classified as?

<p>Exteroceptors or proprioceptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does albuterol (Ventolin) function in treating asthma symptoms?

<p>Binding to β2 receptors to dilate bronchioles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would you characterize triglycerides as an energy source?

<p>Excellent source of stored energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of telomeres?

<p>To protect the ends of chromosomes from degradation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which suture connects the frontal and parietal bones?

<p>Coronal suture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerves contain postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>The oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nerve fibers are found in gray rami communicantes?

<p>Unmyelinated postganglionic fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions will muscle contraction always lead to body movement?

<p>Not always, as it depends on the attachments and external forces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system mediates thermoregulatory responses to increased body heat?

<p>Sympathetic nervous division (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In general, how do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system affect body organs?

<p>They usually have opposite effects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which serous membrane covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs?

<p>Visceral peritoneum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of an atom determines its chemical behavior?

<p>Arrangement of valence electrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue has the greatest variety in fascicle arrangements?

<p>Skeletal muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do projection fibers serve in the cerebral cortex?

<p>Connect the cortex to lower brain regions or the spinal cord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In organs with dual autonomic innervation, how do sympathetic and parasympathetic signals interact?

<p>They have antagonistic, opposing effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do phagocytic cells contribute to tissue repair and defense?

<p>Engulfing pathogens and cellular debris (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a single motor neuron synapses with 150 muscle fibers, what term describes this functional unit?

<p>A motor unit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue primarily supports lymphatic organs, such as lymph nodes and the spleen?

<p>Reticular connective tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are aquaporins significant in red blood cells and kidney tubules?

<p>They facilitate rapid water transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a lamellar corpuscle functions as an exteroceptor or a proprioceptor?

<p>Its precise location (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Albuterol (Ventilin) in treating asthma?

<p>Relaxes smooth muscles in the bronchioles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are triglycerides considered an efficient form of energy storage?

<p>They yield a high amount of energy per gram (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication if telomeres shorten?

<p>Cellular aging and potential apoptosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient has a skull fracture along the coronal suture, which bones are affected?

<p>Frontal and parietal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are the oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus cranial nerves particularly important for autonomic function?

<p>They carry parasympathetic fibers to regulate organ activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After leaving the sympathetic chain ganglion, via what structure do sympathetic postganglionic fibers reach peripheral organs?

<p>Gray rami communicantes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation for using muscle contraction for moving body parts?

<p>The strength of the contraction must overcome resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During exercise, which autonomic response helps dissipate excess body heat?

<p>Sweating and cutaneous vasodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the division of the ANS affect homeostasis?

<p>By working antagonistically to maintain balance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Visceral peritoneum

The part of the serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity wall.

Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic

The parasympathetic division does not innervate more organs than the sympathetic division.

Atomic Number

The atomic number equals the number of protons (and electrons in a neutral atom) and is a superscript to the left of the atomic symbol.

Fascicle Arrangement

Skeletal muscles have different shapes, but fascicle arrangement varies between muscles.

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Projection Fibers

Projection fibers connect different parts of the brain and/or spinal cord, including connecting cerebral hemispheres.

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Dual Innervation

Not all visceral organs receive dual innervation from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.

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Phagocytosis Function

Phagocytosis is used by the cells to engulf extracellular substances.

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Motor Unit

A motor neuron and all the muscle cells that it stimulates are referred to as a motor unit.

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Collagen in Organs

Connective tissues with high collagen content provide structural support for organs.

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Aquaporin Location

Aquaporins are present in red blood cells and kidney tubules, and many other cells in the body.

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Lamellar corpuscles Function

Lamellar corpuscles can be exteroceptors and proprioceptors.

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Albuterol (Ventolin)

Albuterol binds to β2 receptors and relaxes the bronchioles of the lungs, easing breathing.

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Triglycerides as Energy

Triglycerides are an excellent source of stored energy.

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Telomeres

Telomeres are the regions of chromosomes on the ends.

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Frontal Bone Articulation

The frontal bone articulates with the parietal bone by means of the coronal suture.

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Cranial Nerves

The facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves contain preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system, not postganglionic.

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Gray Rami Communicantes

The gray rami communicantes consist of unmyelinated postganglionic fibers.

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Muscle Contraction

Muscle contraction can stabilize joints or resist movement without promoting body part movement.

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Thermoregulation Division

Thermoregulatory responses to increased heat are mediated by the sympathetic nervous division.

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ANS Divisions Effects

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS often have opposite effects on most organ systems.

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Study Notes

  • The part of the serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity wall is called the visceral peritoneum (False).
  • The parasympathetic division innervates more organs than the sympathetic division (False).
  • The atomic number of any atom is equal to the number of electrons in its nucleus, and is written as a subscript to the left of its atomic symbol (False).
  • Although all skeletal muscles have different shapes, the fascicle arrangement of each muscle is exactly the same (False).
  • Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect the right and left hemispheres (False).
  • All visceral organs receive dual innervation from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS (False).
  • Phagocytosis is used by the cells to secrete intracellular substances to the outside of the cell (False).
  • A motor neuron and all the muscle cells that it stimulates are referred to as a motor end plate (False).
  • Connective tissues that possess a large quantity of collagen fibers often provide the framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes (True).
  • Aquaporins are believed to be present in red blood cells and kidney tubules, but not in any other cells in the body (False).
  • Lamellar corpuscles can only be exteroceptors or proprioceptors (True).
  • Albuterol (Ventolin) binds to β2 receptors and is used by asthma patients to constrict the bronchioles of the lungs and ease breathing (False).
  • Triglycerides are a poor source of stored energy (False).
  • Telomeres are the regions of chromosomes that code for the protein ubiquitin (False).
  • The frontal bone articulates with the parietal bone by means of the sagittal suture (True).
  • The facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves contain postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system(False).
  • The gray rami communicantes consist of myelinated postganglionic fibers (False).
  • Muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how they are attached (True).
  • Thermoregulatory responses to increased heat are mediated by the parasympathetic nervous division (False).
  • The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS have the same effect on most body organ systems (False).

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