Anatomy and Physiology: The Nephron and Urine Formation

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What is the function of the glomerulus in the nephron?

Regulating urine concentration

Producing urine in the nephron

Reabsorbing nutrients from the urine

Filtering blood to create filtrate (correct)

What does the presence of leukocytes in urine indicate?

Proteinuria

Urinary tract infection (correct)

High sugar levels

Dehydration

What does the specific gravity of urine measure?

Presence of ketones in urine

Sugar content in urine

Color intensity of urine

Amount of solutes in urine (correct)

What effect do meats have on urine pH?

Lower pH (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is anuria?

Absence of urine production (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of urethra in the urinary system?

Transporting urine from bladder to outside the body (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of active vitamin D (calcitriol)?

Regulate calcium in the blood (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why are large drug molecules harder to remove from the body?

They are not filtered out like small drugs (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of erythropoietin (EPO)?

Increasing red blood cell production (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why do some scientists consider vitamin D more of a hormone than a vitamin?

Vitamin D receptors are present in most cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do the kidneys help regulate blood pressure?

By releasing hormones like ADH, renin, and aldosterone (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the medical term for urination?

Micturition (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which organ receives about 25% of cardiac output while at rest?

Kidneys (D) Signup and view all the answers

What regulates renin release to influence blood volume?

Macula densa (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nephron empties into collecting ducts?

Proximal convoluted tubule (B) Signup and view all the answers

What causes aquaporin channel proteins to pull water back into the interstitial spaces in the kidneys?

ADH (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens if too many proteins get into the urine?

More water will be needed in the urine (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorption if you are over hydrated?

Collecting ducts (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is obliged to follow sodium during the process of absorption and secretion?

Water (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens if blood pressure falls below a mean arterial pressure of 60 mm Hg?

Impaired renal function and potential shock (C) Signup and view all the answers

What component of the nephron is essential for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion?

Nephron (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Loop of Henle?

Reabsorb water and sodium (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone increases the number of sodium pumps in the DCT?

Aldosterone (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ADH in the collecting ducts?

Adjust water reabsorption (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does caffeine affect kidney function?

Promotes vasodilation in the nephron (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone works to inhibit aldosterone and promote water excretion?

Natriuretic hormones (C) Signup and view all the answers

What causes vasoconstriction in the kidneys?

Endothelin release (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the Loop of Henle differ from the collecting ducts in terms of aquaporin channels?

Loop has aquaporin channels on both descending and ascending limbs, while ducts don't (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when urine is clear?

ADH is being inhibited (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does nitrogren waste leave the body?

As urea, ammonia, and uric acid (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in kidney function?

Reduces blood flow by vasoconstriction (C) Signup and view all the answers