Anatomy and Physiology

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Questions and Answers

Why are sympathetic responses generally widespread throughout the body?

  • Preganglionic fibers are long, enabling widespread innervation.
  • Preganglionic fibers are short, allowing for rapid signal transmission.
  • NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response. (correct)
  • Inactivation of ACh is fairly slow, prolonging its effects.

Sympathetic nerves may originate from which region of the spinal cord?

  • First thoracic vertebra (correct)
  • Third lumbar vertebra
  • First coccyx vertebra
  • Second cervical vertebra

What is the main component found within autonomic ganglia?

  • Synapses between preganglionic fibers and their effectors (correct)
  • The cell bodies and dendrites of motor neurons
  • Both somatic afferent and efferent neurons
  • An outer connective tissue capsule around the cell bodies of preganglionic motor neurons

Which cranial nerve's parasympathetic fibers stimulate many large glands in the head, such as the nasal and lacrimal glands?

<p>Facial (VII) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic trunks without synapsing form what structures?

<p>Splanchnic nerves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a plexus associated with the vagus (X) nerve?

<p>Inferior hypogastric (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane?

<p>Any sagittal plane except in the midline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ or structure would most likely be found in the left iliac region?

<p>Intestines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The parietal pleura represents a serous membrane that performs what function?

<p>Lining the thoracic cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of which type of reaction?

<p>Synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a factor influencing a reactions rate?

<p>Time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cellular structures would aid a cell in absorbing more nutrients?

<p>Microvilli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between the concentration gradient and net diffusion?

<p>The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a tissue type that experiences a significant amount of mechanical stress, such as the lining of the intestines, which type of intercellular junction would you expect to be most abundant?

<p>Desmosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes connective tissue?

<p>Collagen fibers provide high tensile strength. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct statement regarding the activity of stem cells in connective tissue?

<p>&quot;Blast&quot; cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair.

<p>Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Choose the correct statement regarding epithelia.

<p>Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes adipose tissue?

<p>Its primary function is nutrient storage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Friction ridges seen in fingerprints are highly variable among different people but very similar between identical twins. What does this indicate?

<p>That friction ridges are genetically determined. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?

<p>Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a naturalsunscreen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Changes in skin color can indicate a homeostatic imbalance. What skin presentation would indicate a liver disease resulting in elevated bilirubin?

<p>The skin and sclera of the eyes appear to have an abnormal, yellowish tint. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A dendritic or Langerhans is a specialized what?

<p>phagocytic cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?

<p>nutrition and hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a bone disorder characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption?

<p>Paget's disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Choose which bone marking type would likely increase in size when a weight lifter repeatedly exercises muscles that attach to it.

<p>Trochanter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses?

<p>compact bone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Yellow bone marrow primarily serves as a storage site for what substance?

<p>Fat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cell type responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is what?

<p>Osteoblast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bones in the skull have many different names but what are the boundaries of each bone? Where do they start and stop?

<p>Bones of the skull are separated by immobile joints called sutures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be considered a function of the paranasal sinuses?

<p>Sinuses take away a minimal amount of strength from bones while reducing the weight of bones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the bones of the skull would you also refer to as a cheekbone?

<p>The zygomatic bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones would be most associated with housing the special sense organs?

<p>the temporal bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be most associated with process of warming, humidifying, and filtering the air we inhale?

<p>the nasal cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best description for the function of the cranial bones?

<p>protection of the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sphenoid bone is sometimes referred to as a "key stone" of the skull. This is due to the fact that...

<p>the sphenoid is in the center of the skull and it articulates (joins) with all of the other bones of the skull (excluding the mandible) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sella turcica is part of which bone and houses which gland?

<p>sphenoid; pituitary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From the list below, select the least likely explanation for the relatively high mobility of the arms.

<p>The subscapular notch is a passageway for nerves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The proximal end of the ulna illustrates the relationship of form and function. The rounded trochlear notch articulates with the hourglass shape of the trochlea. This forms a joint that allows for...

<p>the hinge like motion of the forearm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The proximal end of the radius illustrates the relationship of form and function. The cup-like surface of the radial head articulates with the rounded shape of the capitulum. This forms a joint that allows for...

<p>the rotational motion of the forearm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Baseball pitchers often require "Tommy John" surgery to repair damage to their elbow. Which ligament would this surgery target?

<p>ulnar collateral ligament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of an interosseous fibrous joint is what?

<p>the radius and ulna along its length (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Widespread Sympathetic Responses

Widespread sympathetic responses occur because norepinephrine and epinephrine are secreted into the blood.

Sympathetic Nerve Exit Point

Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at the first thoracic vertebra.

Autonomic Ganglia Contents

Autonomic ganglia contain the cell bodies and dendrites of motor neurons.

Nerve VII and Gland Stimulation

The facial nerve (VII) stimulates many large glands in the head, such as the nasal and lacrimal glands.

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Splanchnic Nerves

Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic trunks without synapsing form splanchnic nerves.

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Parasagittal Plane

A parasagittal plane is any sagittal plane except in the midline.

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Left Iliac Region

Intestines are found in the left iliac region.

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Parietal Pleura

Parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity.

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Peptide Formation

Amino acids joining to make a peptide is a synthesis reaction.

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Factors affecting the rate of reaction

Time is NOT considered a factor in influencing the rate of the reaction.

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Microvilli Function

Microvilli aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed.

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Net Diffusion Rate

The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of net diffusion.

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Desmosomes Rich Tissue

Desmosomes are abundant between cells in tissues under great mechanical stress because they are strong intercellular links.

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Collagen Fiber Strength

Collagen fibers provide high tensile strength to connective tissue.

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"Blast" Cells

"Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing stem cells of convective tissue.

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Inflammation in Repair

Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable during tissue repair.

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Stratified Epithelia Location

Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.

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Adipose Tissue Function

Adipose tissue's primary function is nutrient storage.

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Friction Ridges

Friction ridges are genetically determined.

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Natural Sunscreen

Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which acts as a natural sunscreen.

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Jaundice Indication

Skin and sclera having a yellowish tint indicates liver disease (elevated bilirubin).

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Langerhans Cell Type

A dendritic (Langerhans) cell is a phagocytic cell.

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Hair Growth Factors

Nutrition and hormones are the most important factors influencing hair growth.

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Paget's Disease

Paget's disease is a bone disorder with excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption.

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Trochanter Size Increase

Trochanter bone marking type would likely increase in size when a weight lifter repeatedly exercises muscles that attach to it.

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Compact Bone Function

Compact bone is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses.

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Yellow Marrow Composition

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of fat.

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Osteoblast Function

The osteoblast is responsible for secreting the matrix of bone.

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Skull Bone Boundaries

Bones of the skull are separated by immobile joints called sutures.

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Paranasal Sinuses Function

Sinuses take away a minimal amount of strength from bones while reducing the weight of bones.

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Cheekbone Name

The zygomatic bone it would also refer to as a cheekbone.

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Special Sense Housing

The nasal cavity would be most associated with housing the special sense organs?

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Cranial Bones Function

protection of the brain is the best description for the function of the cranial bones?

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Skull keystone

the sphenoid is in the center of the skull and it articulates (joins) with all of the other bones of the skull (excluding the mandible) is sometimes referred to as a "key stone" of the skull.

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Sella turcica houses

the sphenoid bone The sella turcica is part of the bone and houses the gland.pituitary

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Reasons for high mobility of the arms

The subscapular notch is a passageway for nerves is the least likely explanation for the relatively high mobility of the arms..

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Elbow motion

the hinge like motion of the forearm The proximal end of the ulna illustrates the relationship of form and function.

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Forearm motion

the rotational motion of the forearm The proximal end of the radius illustrates the relationship of form and function

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Interosseous fibrous joint

the interosseous fibrous joint is the radius and ulna along its length

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Study Notes

  • Sympathetic responses are widespread because norepinephrine and epinephrine are secreted into the blood.
  • Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at the first thoracic vertebra.
  • Autonomic ganglia contain the cell bodies and dendrites of motor neurons.
  • The parasympathetic fibers of the facial (VII) nerve stimulate many large glands in the head such as the nasal and lacrimal glands.
  • Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic trunks without synapsing form structures called splanchnic nerves.
  • The inferior hypogastric is NOT a plexus of the vagus (X) nerve.
  • A parasagittal plane describes any sagittal plane except in the midline.
  • Intestines are found in the left iliac region.
  • The parietal pleura represents a serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity.
  • Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is an example of synthesis.
  • Time is NOT considered a factor in influencing a reaction rate.
  • Microvilli allow a cell to absorb more nutrients.
  • The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of net diffusion.
  • Desmosomes are abundant in tissue undergoing mechanical stress, like the intestinal lining.
  • Collagen fibers provide high tensile strength in connective tissue.
  • "Blast" cells are undifferentiated and actively dividing stem cells of connective tissue.
  • Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable during tissue repair.
  • Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.
  • Adipose tissue's primary function is nutrient storage.
  • Friction ridges are genetically determined
  • Prolonged sun exposure induces melanin dispersion, acting as a natural sunscreen.
  • Yellowish tint to the skin and sclera of eyes indicate liver disease, such as hepatitis, resulting in elevated bilirubin.
  • A dendritic or Langerhans cell is a specialized phagocytic cell.
  • Nutrition and hormones are the most important factors influencing hair growth.
  • Paget's disease is a bone disorder characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption.
  • Trochanters are bone marking types that would likely increase in size when a weight lifter repeatedly exercises muscles that attach to it.

Bone Tissue

  • Compact bone tissue supports weight and withstands torsion stresses.
  • Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of fat.
  • Osteoblasts secrete the matrix of bone.
  • Bones of the skull are separated by immobile joints called sutures.
  • Sinuses take away a minimal amount of strength from bones while reducing the weight of bones.
  • The zygomatic bone is referred to as a cheekbone.
  • The nasal cavity houses the special sense organs.
  • The temporal bones are associated with the process of warming, humidifying, and filtering inhaled air.
  • Cranial bones provide protection for the brain.
  • The sphenoid is the "key stone" of the skull because it articulates (joins) with all other skull bones (excluding the mandible).
  • The sella turcica is part of the sphenoid bone and houses the pituitary gland.
  • The subscapular notch is Least likely explanation for the relatively high mobility of the arms.
  • The hinge like motion of the forearm is because The proximal end of the ulna illustrates the relationship of form and function.
  • The rotational motion of the forearm is because the proximal end of the radius helps articulates with the rounded shape of the capitulum
  • Baseball pitchers often require "Tommy John" surgery to repair damage to their elbow to the ulnar collateral ligament.
  • An example of an interosseous fibrous joint is the radius and ulna along its length.

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