Anatomy and Physiology: Renal System Specializations
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the Bowman’s capsule in the kidney?

  • Filtration of blood (correct)
  • Production of renin
  • Control of urine concentration
  • Reabsorption of electrolytes

    • In which part of the nephron is the majority of the filtrate bulk reabsorbed?

  • Distal tubule
  • Collecting duct
  • Loop of Henle
  • Proximal tubule (correct)

    • Which animal species has a kidney structure characterized by being multipapillate with no fusion between cortex and medulla?

  • Sheep (correct)
  • Horse
  • Cat
  • Dog

    • What is the role of the Juxta-glomerular apparatus in kidney function?

    <p>Production of renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the kidney is responsible for setting up high osmolarity in the medulla?

    <p>Loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main driving force for filtration at the level of the glomerulus?

    <p>Hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the glomerular capillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the renal clearance measurement?

    <p>To quantify the rate of waste product removal from the blood by the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) defined?

    <p>As a measure of kidney function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Starling's Principle primarily concerned with in relation to glomerular filtration?

    <p>Calculating net filtration pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Filtration Fraction (FF) calculated?

    <p>(GFR / RPF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do changes in pressure within the afferent and efferent arterioles impact the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>Afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction increases GFR, while efferent arteriolar vasodilation decreases GFR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of vasodilation in the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction in the efferent arteriole on glomerular filtration?

    <p>Decreases GFR due to increased hydrostatic pressure but decreased blood flow in the glomerulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is renal blood flow regulated in terms of autoregulation mechanisms?

    <p>Renal blood flow and GFR remain constant irrespective of blood pressure changes due to autoregulation mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the autonomic nervous system play in regulating renal blood flow?

    <p>It can increase or decrease renal blood flow by constricting or dilating renal arterioles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism involves the movement of solutes across a membrane against a concentration gradient?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Loop of Henle in establishing a concentration gradient?

    <p>Maintaining medullary hypertonicity through countercurrent exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segment of the nephron is impermeable to water and actively pumps out solutes like sodium and chloride?

    <p>Thick ascending loop of Henle (TAL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Vasa Recta contribute to maintaining concentration gradient in the medulla?

    <p>Losing solutes as blood descends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the collecting duct play in the nephron?

    <p>Facilitating urine transport to the ureters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sodium reabsorption occur in the thick ascending limb of Loop of Henle?

    <p>Through the NKCC2 transporter on the apical membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is responsible for increasing red blood cell production in response to kidney damage?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chronic renal failure lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism according to the text?

    <p>Decrease in Nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating thirst when there is a decrease in fluid volume or an increase in blood osmolarity?

    <p>Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows the kidney to conserve water by making more concentrated urine?

    <p>Osmotic gradient in the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ADH act in the kidney to increase water reabsorption?

    <p>Insertion of aquaporin channels in the apical membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the kidney?

    <p>Regulating the water permeability of the collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aldosterone affect the collecting duct in the kidney?

    <p>It modulates ion transport such as Na+ and K+ in the collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

    <p>Decrease in renal blood pressure detected by baroreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an increase in osmolarity trigger the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

    <p>By activating osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a direct effect of angiotensin II in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

    <p>Causes vasoconstriction of small arteries (arterioles)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary metabolite derived from dietary protein and tissue protein turnover?

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes sodium and water retention, leading to an increase in blood volume and blood pressure?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when there is a decrease in blood flow to the kidneys or blood pressure?

    <p>Release of renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

    <p>ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter stimulates the heart to increase heart rate and contractility?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does chronic kidney disease commonly lead to hypertension in dogs and cats?

    <p>Due to the kidneys receiving a large percentage of blood, leading to blood backing up into arteries and increasing blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for urine specific gravity in cats consuming a drier diet?

    <p>1.001 - 1.080</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between hyposthenuria and hypersthenuria?

    <p>Hyposthenuria is a condition with neither concentrated nor dilute urine, while hypersthenuria is a condition with concentrated urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between azotaemia and uraemia?

    <p>Azotaemia starts as a precursor to kidney failure, while uraemia indicates advanced kidney dysfunction with complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the IRIS scale in feline kidney disease?

    <p>It classifies stages of kidney disease based on severity and provides treatment guidelines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic kidney disease is a common cause of hypertension in ______ and cats

    <p>dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Feline hypertension is commonly associated with chronic renal failure in ______ and cats

    <p>dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urine specific gravity measures the ratio of the urine density compared with ______ density

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dogs have a normal urine specific gravity range of 1.001 - 1.060 with an average of ______

    <p>1.025</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cats consuming dry foods have a urine specific gravity range of > 1.035, while cats consuming wet foods have a range of > ______

    <p>1.025</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyposthenuria is characterized by abnormally low urinary specific gravity and osmolarity, leading to ______ urine formation

    <p>dilute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Isothenuria is a condition where urine is neither more nor less concentrated than the plasma and glomerular filtrate, resulting in urine that is not ______ or dilute

    <p>concentrated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uraemia specifically refers to the symptomatic and advanced stage of kidney failure characterized by elevated nitrogenous waste products along with associated ______

    <p>symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Azotemia indicates impaired kidney function and is often a precursor to ______

    <p>uraemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The IRIS scale plays a role in feline kidney disease and has four main ______

    <p>classifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define hyposthenuria.

    <p>Hyposthenuria is an abnormally low urinary specific gravity and osmolarity, leading to dilute urine formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the difference between azotaemia and uraemia.

    <p>Azotemia refers to increased blood concentrations of nitrogenous waste products, indicating kidney dysfunction without symptoms. Uraemia describes the symptomatic stage with high levels of waste products leading to complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the IRIS scale in feline kidney disease?

    <p>The IRIS scale categorizes the severity of chronic kidney disease in cats into four stages based on blood creatinine levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define isosthenuria.

    <p>Isosthenuria is a condition where urine is neither more nor less concentrated than the plasma and glomerular filtrate, resulting in urine that is not concentrated or dilute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hypersthenuria?

    <p>Hypersthenuria is urine with a high osmolarity and high urinary specific gravity compared to the plasma and glomerular filtrate, leading to concentrated urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    State the target organs that can be damaged by hypertension.

    <p>Hypertension can damage organs such as the heart, kidneys, brain, and eyes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify breeds of cat at risk of inherited causes of chronic kidney disease.

    <p>Breeds like Persians, Abyssinians, Siamese, and Russian Blues are at increased risk of inherited chronic kidney disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of urine specific gravity in cats and dogs?

    <p>Urine specific gravity indicates the kidney's ability to concentrate urine, providing insights into kidney function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of the Juxta-glomerular apparatus in kidney function.

    <p>The Juxta-glomerular apparatus regulates blood pressure and filtration rate by secreting renin in response to changes in blood flow and pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chronic renal failure lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism?

    <p>Chronic renal failure causes decreased calcium excretion, leading to increased phosphate levels, stimulating parathyroid hormone release and resulting in secondary hyperparathyroidism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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