60 Questions
What is the main function of the Bowman’s capsule in the kidney?
Filtration of blood
In which part of the nephron is the majority of the filtrate bulk reabsorbed?
Proximal tubule
Which animal species has a kidney structure characterized by being multipapillate with no fusion between cortex and medulla?
Sheep
What is the role of the Juxta-glomerular apparatus in kidney function?
Production of renin
Which part of the kidney is responsible for setting up high osmolarity in the medulla?
Loop of Henle
What is the main driving force for filtration at the level of the glomerulus?
Hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the glomerular capillary
What is the function of the renal clearance measurement?
To quantify the rate of waste product removal from the blood by the kidneys
How is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) defined?
As a measure of kidney function
What is Starling's Principle primarily concerned with in relation to glomerular filtration?
Calculating net filtration pressure
How is Filtration Fraction (FF) calculated?
(GFR / RPF)
How do changes in pressure within the afferent and efferent arterioles impact the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction increases GFR, while efferent arteriolar vasodilation decreases GFR.
What is the impact of vasodilation in the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction in the efferent arteriole on glomerular filtration?
Decreases GFR due to increased hydrostatic pressure but decreased blood flow in the glomerulus.
How is renal blood flow regulated in terms of autoregulation mechanisms?
Renal blood flow and GFR remain constant irrespective of blood pressure changes due to autoregulation mechanisms.
What role does the autonomic nervous system play in regulating renal blood flow?
It can increase or decrease renal blood flow by constricting or dilating renal arterioles.
Which mechanism involves the movement of solutes across a membrane against a concentration gradient?
Active transport
What is the function of the Loop of Henle in establishing a concentration gradient?
Maintaining medullary hypertonicity through countercurrent exchange
Which segment of the nephron is impermeable to water and actively pumps out solutes like sodium and chloride?
Thick ascending loop of Henle (TAL)
How does the Vasa Recta contribute to maintaining concentration gradient in the medulla?
Losing solutes as blood descends
What role does the collecting duct play in the nephron?
Facilitating urine transport to the ureters
How does sodium reabsorption occur in the thick ascending limb of Loop of Henle?
Through the NKCC2 transporter on the apical membrane
What hormone is responsible for increasing red blood cell production in response to kidney damage?
Erythropoietin
How does chronic renal failure lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism according to the text?
Decrease in Nephrons
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating thirst when there is a decrease in fluid volume or an increase in blood osmolarity?
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
What mechanism allows the kidney to conserve water by making more concentrated urine?
Osmotic gradient in the medulla
How does ADH act in the kidney to increase water reabsorption?
Insertion of aquaporin channels in the apical membrane
What is the primary role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the kidney?
Regulating the water permeability of the collecting duct
How does aldosterone affect the collecting duct in the kidney?
It modulates ion transport such as Na+ and K+ in the collecting duct
What initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
Decrease in renal blood pressure detected by baroreceptors
How does an increase in osmolarity trigger the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
By activating osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
What is a direct effect of angiotensin II in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
Causes vasoconstriction of small arteries (arterioles)
What is the primary metabolite derived from dietary protein and tissue protein turnover?
Urea
Which hormone promotes sodium and water retention, leading to an increase in blood volume and blood pressure?
Aldosterone
What occurs when there is a decrease in blood flow to the kidneys or blood pressure?
Release of renin
What is the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme)
Which neurotransmitter stimulates the heart to increase heart rate and contractility?
Norepinephrine
Why does chronic kidney disease commonly lead to hypertension in dogs and cats?
Due to the kidneys receiving a large percentage of blood, leading to blood backing up into arteries and increasing blood pressure.
What is the normal range for urine specific gravity in cats consuming a drier diet?
1.001 - 1.080
What is the main difference between hyposthenuria and hypersthenuria?
Hyposthenuria is a condition with neither concentrated nor dilute urine, while hypersthenuria is a condition with concentrated urine.
What is the difference between azotaemia and uraemia?
Azotaemia starts as a precursor to kidney failure, while uraemia indicates advanced kidney dysfunction with complications.
What is the function of the IRIS scale in feline kidney disease?
It classifies stages of kidney disease based on severity and provides treatment guidelines.
Chronic kidney disease is a common cause of hypertension in ______ and cats
dogs
Feline hypertension is commonly associated with chronic renal failure in ______ and cats
dogs
Urine specific gravity measures the ratio of the urine density compared with ______ density
water
Dogs have a normal urine specific gravity range of 1.001 - 1.060 with an average of ______
1.025
Cats consuming dry foods have a urine specific gravity range of > 1.035, while cats consuming wet foods have a range of > ______
1.025
Hyposthenuria is characterized by abnormally low urinary specific gravity and osmolarity, leading to ______ urine formation
dilute
Isothenuria is a condition where urine is neither more nor less concentrated than the plasma and glomerular filtrate, resulting in urine that is not ______ or dilute
concentrated
Uraemia specifically refers to the symptomatic and advanced stage of kidney failure characterized by elevated nitrogenous waste products along with associated ______
symptoms
Azotemia indicates impaired kidney function and is often a precursor to ______
uraemia
The IRIS scale plays a role in feline kidney disease and has four main ______
classifications
Define hyposthenuria.
Hyposthenuria is an abnormally low urinary specific gravity and osmolarity, leading to dilute urine formation.
Explain the difference between azotaemia and uraemia.
Azotemia refers to increased blood concentrations of nitrogenous waste products, indicating kidney dysfunction without symptoms. Uraemia describes the symptomatic stage with high levels of waste products leading to complications.
What is the role of the IRIS scale in feline kidney disease?
The IRIS scale categorizes the severity of chronic kidney disease in cats into four stages based on blood creatinine levels.
Define isosthenuria.
Isosthenuria is a condition where urine is neither more nor less concentrated than the plasma and glomerular filtrate, resulting in urine that is not concentrated or dilute.
What is hypersthenuria?
Hypersthenuria is urine with a high osmolarity and high urinary specific gravity compared to the plasma and glomerular filtrate, leading to concentrated urine.
State the target organs that can be damaged by hypertension.
Hypertension can damage organs such as the heart, kidneys, brain, and eyes.
Identify breeds of cat at risk of inherited causes of chronic kidney disease.
Breeds like Persians, Abyssinians, Siamese, and Russian Blues are at increased risk of inherited chronic kidney disease.
What is the significance of urine specific gravity in cats and dogs?
Urine specific gravity indicates the kidney's ability to concentrate urine, providing insights into kidney function.
Explain the role of the Juxta-glomerular apparatus in kidney function.
The Juxta-glomerular apparatus regulates blood pressure and filtration rate by secreting renin in response to changes in blood flow and pressure.
How does chronic renal failure lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Chronic renal failure causes decreased calcium excretion, leading to increased phosphate levels, stimulating parathyroid hormone release and resulting in secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Explore the anatomical arrangement of the Loop of Henlé and collecting duct, along with their specializations in the renal system. Learn about the factors affecting maximum urine concentration, inhibitors of ADH action, and the role of ANP in kidney function. Understand the sources of urea and creatinine and how they are excreted by the body.
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