Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

Anatomy is the study of the structures found within the body and the relationship to one another. Physiology is the study of the function of body parts and how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities.

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<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The integumentary system forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. It also synthesizes Vitamin D and houses cutaneous receptors as well as sweat and oil glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The skeletal system protects and supports body organs, provides a framework for muscles to move, and stores minerals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The muscular system allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, maintains posture, and produces heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nervous system is the fast-acting control system of the body, responding to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The endocrine system secretes hormones to regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient metabolism. This system functions more slowly than the nervous system, and its effects are often longer-lasting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cardiovascular system transports blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. It also picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, disposing debris in the lymphatic stream and housing white blood cells. The heart pumps blood throughout the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lymphatic system is a network of vessels, tissues, and organs that help maintain fluid balance, filter waste products, and defend against infection. It is also responsible for housing white blood cells, which are important components of the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The respiratory system is responsible for providing the body with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases occurs through the walls of the air sacs in the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The digestive system breaks down food into absorbable units that are transported to the blood for distribution to the body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The urinary system eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance of the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary function of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm and male sex hormones. Male ducts and glands help transport sperm to the female reproductive tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homeostasis is the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living organisms. Positive feedback enhances the original stimulus. For example, the release of certain hormones will cause contractions to get bigger. Negative feedback occurs when the original stimulus is flipped in the opposite direction. For example, if your body temperature gets too low, your body reverses the signal by shivering and raising the temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body utilizes negative feedback to regulate pathways through a series of steps. First, there is a stimulus that triggers a change from the body's normal homeostatic state. Then, receptors detect this change and send information along afferent pathways to a control center. This control center analyzes the information and sends out appropriate corrective signals along efferent pathways to the effectors, which are responsible for bringing the body back to its homeostatic balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrate = Quick energy, cell wall structure Lipid = Long term energy, insulation, cell membrane, steroids, cell transport Protein = Growth, repair, enzymes, genetic information Nucleic Acid = Genetic instructions for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehydration synthesis is the process of building polymers by removing water. This process joins monomers together to form larger molecules, releasing a water molecule as a byproduct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolysis is the process of breaking polymers back into monomers by adding water. This process breaks apart large molecules into smaller components by introducing a water molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleus = Brain of the cell. Contains DNA instructions. Responds to signals and dictates protein synthesis. Nucleolus = Middle of the nucleus. Involved in rRNA synthesis to make ribosomes. Assembles ribosomal subunits. Rough ER = Studded with ribosomes. Manufactures proteins. Synthesizes phospholipids. Smooth ER = Storage and release of calcium. Detox center of the cell. Synthesizes steroid based hormones. Golgi Apparatus = Packaging center of the cell. Modifies proteins and sends them out in vesicles to their next destination. Centrosome = Generates Microtubules. Contains 2 centrioles. Used during mitosis. Mitochondria = Powerhouse of the cell. Contains its own DNA. Provides most of the cells ATP through cellular respiration. Lysosome = Digestive center of the cell. Contains hydrolytic enzymes. Can autodigest the cell if it is broken open. Cell membrane = Semi-permeable phospholipid membrane. Contains hydrophilic tails and hydrophobic tails. Studded with proteins and allows certain molecules into and out of the cell. Microtubule = Hollow tubes that determine the overall structure and shape of the cell. Help distribute other organelles around the cell. Vesicle = Small pockets made of phospholipids that are used to transport materials. Ribosome = Protein factory. This is where translation occurs. These can be bound to the Rough ER or free floating through the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interphase = Longest phase of the cell cycle. G1= cell growth, G0= cell ceases dividing, S= DNA replication, G2= prep for division. Prophase = Chromosomes become visible and are joined with a centromere. Centrosomes separate and migrate to the poles of the cell to begin producing the spindle. Nuclear envelope fades. Metaphase = Centromeres are aligned on the equator of the cell. This is also called the metaphase plate. Anaphase = Shortest phase of the cell cycle. Centromeres split. Chromosomes are pulled in opposite directions towards the poles by motor proteins. Telophase = Begins when chromosomes stop moving. Chromosomes unwind to chromatin. New nuclear membrane forms. Nucleoli appear. Spindle disappears. Cytokinesis = Begins during late anaphase. Cleavage furrow forms pinching cell in half. The formation is complete of 2 diploid identical daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive Transport = Does not need ATP. Moves with the concentration gradient. Most cells use this. Gases pass through cells passively. Lipids, gases, small polar molecules are involved. Active Transport = Requires ATP. Moves against the concentration gradient. Examples: muscle cells use sodium-potassium channels that help drive ions against their gradient. Large molecules and ions are involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertonic Solution = Water leaves the cell, causing it to shrivel and potentially die. Hypotonic Solution = Water enters the cell, causing it to swell and potentially burst. Isotonic Solution = Water moves in and out of the cell at equal rates, maintaining a stable environment for the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA = Double stranded, contains deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, contains all genetic instructions, has a double helix shape. RNA = Single stranded, contains ribose sugar, nitrogen bases are adenine, guanine, uracil, and cytosine, contains instructions for proteins (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, etc.)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein synthesis is a complex two-step process that involves transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is copied into mRNA, which then leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. In translation, mRNA is read by ribosomes, which use this information to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain. The resulting protein is then folded into its proper shape, which determines its function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzymes lower the activation energy required to start a reaction. This allows processes to happen much faster. The graph on the right is an example where an enzyme is present. The graph on the left is an example where an enzyme is NOT present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four tenets of cell theory are: 1. Cells are the building blocks of plants and animals. 2. Cells are the smallest unit of life. 3. Cells come from pre-existing cells. 4. Cells maintain homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial tissues are sheets of closely packed cells that line the surfaces of the body, covering organs and forming glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All epithelial sheets are supported by connective tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avascular means that epithelial tissue has little to no blood supply. Innervated means that nerve fibers provide sensations to the tissue. They are nourished via diffusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial tissues are classified based on the number of cell layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells on the apical layer (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple squamous epithelium is the simplest type of epithelium, composed of a single layer of flattened cells, which allows for easy diffusion and filtration. It is found lining the blood vessels, lymph vessels, and air sacs of the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple cuboidal epithelium is composed of a single layer of cube-shaped cells and is involved in secretion and absorption. It is found in the smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple columnar epithelium is composed of a single layer of tall, columnar cells that may have cilia or microvilli. It is involved in absorption and both secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances. It is found in the digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands, bronchi of the lungs, and the uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is a single layer of cells that appear to be stratified due to the arrangement of their nuclei at different levels. This type of epithelium is involved in secretion, especially the production of mucus, and ciliary movement of mucus. It is found in the upper respiratory tract, ducts of large glands, and the tubules in the testes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stratified squamous epithelium is composed of multiple layers of flattened cells, providing protection from abrasion and trauma. It is found in the skin, moist linings of the mouth, lining of the esophagus, and the lining of the anus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stratified cuboidal epithelium is a rare type of epithelial tissue, typically found in the smallest ducts of glands, sweat glands, and some mammary glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stratified columnar epithelium is also a relatively rare type of epithelium, typically found in the lining of the pharynx, male urethra, and some glandular ducts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transitional epithelium is a specialized type of epithelium that can stretch and change shape, allowing for the expansion of the organ it lines. It is found in the bladder, ureters, and urethra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocrine glands release their secretions directly into the bloodstream. Exocrine glands release their secretions through ducts, which open onto a surface or cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serous membranes line closed cavities, such as the chest, abdomen, and heart, and secrete a lubricating fluid. Mucous membranes line body cavities that open to the exterior, such as the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems, and secrete mucus. Cutaneous membranes are another name for skin, a dry membrane composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and a thick layer of connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Areolar = Most widely distributed. Supports and binds other tissues. Universal packing material between other tissues. Wraps and cushions organs. Plays an important role in inflammation and holds tissue fluid. Adipose = Provides reserve fuel for the body, insulates the body, and supports and protects organs. Reticular = Fibers form a soft internal skeleton called a stroma that supports other cell types such as macrophages, mast cells, etc. Dense Regular = Attaches muscles to bones or to other muscles. Attaches bones to bones. Withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction. Not vascularized so it is difficult to repair if it is torn. Dense Irregular = Provides structural strength for organs and joints. Allows for movement of joint in multiple directions without tearing. Dense Elastic = Allows tissue to recoil after stretching. Maintains blood flow through arteries. Aids in passive recoil of lungs following inhalation. Hyaline Cartilage = Firm matrix. Supports and reinforces the body. Serves as a cushion between bones. Resists compression. Found at the ends of long bones, nose, trachea, larynx, and cartilage of the ribs. Elastic Cartilage = High flexibility while maintaining structure. Found in the external ear, epiglottis, and some cartilages of the larynx. Fibrocartilage = Absorbs compressive shock. Found in intervertebral discs and discs of the knee joint. Bone = Supports and protects body structures. Stores fat and synthesizes blood cells in cavities. Stores calcium. Provides levers for the muscles to act upon. Blood = Transports nutrients, wastes, gasses, and other substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three major types of muscle tissue are skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscle is attached to bones, is voluntary, and is responsible for movement. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart, is involuntary, and is responsible for pumping blood. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs, is involuntary, and is responsible for propelling substances through the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nervous tissue is specialized for communication within the body. It is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The layers of the epidermis are: Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, and Stratum Corneum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two layers of the dermis are the papillary layer and the reticular layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The papillary layer of the dermis contains areolar connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main types of sweat glands are eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eccrine sweat glands are found throughout the body and secrete a watery fluid with electrolytes. Apocrine sweat glands are confined to underarm and genital areas, and their secretions are thicker and odoriferous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three major types of skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ABCD rule for melanoma stands for: Asymmetry, Border, Color, and Diameter.</p> Signup and view all the answers