Anatomy and Physiology Quiz
99 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What primarily provides protection to the spinal nerves?

  • Rami communicantes
  • White matter tracts
  • Grey matter cells
  • Nerve plexus (correct)

    • Which statement about dermatomes is true?

  • They indicate sensory areas related to specific spinal nerves. (correct)
  • They respond directly to pain stimuli.
  • They are monitored by multiple spinal nerve pairs.
  • They develop only during the first year of life.

    • Which type of reflex involves multiple synapses?

  • Polysynaptic reflex (correct)
  • Innate reflex
  • Monosynaptic reflex
  • Spinal reflex

    • What characterizes white matter in the spinal cord?

    <p>Composed of myelinated axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for processing sensory and motor input?

    <p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the dorsal horn in the spinal cord?

    <p>Processing sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the activation of a reflex arc?

    <p>Motor neuron activation follows after the sensory neuron activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the spinal cord is associated with visceral motor function?

    <p>Lateral horn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

    <p>Central sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reflex is the patellar reflex classified as?

    <p>Monosynaptic reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ciliary body in the eye?

    <p>Secrete aqueous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye controls the amount of light entering through the pupil?

    <p>Iris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from the eyeball being too long or the lens being too strong?

    <p>Myopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the ear is primarily responsible for converting sound waves into nerve impulses?

    <p>Cochlea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the vestibular apparatus?

    <p>Maintain balance and equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which response does the sympathetic nervous system dilate the iris?

    <p>Fight or flight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the visual pathway, where does information from the optic nerves predominantly go?

    <p>Visual cortex of the occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is conductive hearing loss primarily caused by?

    <p>Issues in the outer or middle ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the otolith organs in the vestibular apparatus detect?

    <p>Linear movement and head position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the lens during the process of accommodation?

    <p>It becomes thicker to focus on near objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of first order neurons in sensory pathways?

    <p>They deliver sensations directly to the CNS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sensory pathway is responsible for conscious sensations of pain and temperature?

    <p>Spinothalamic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do second order neurons differ from first order neurons?

    <p>They are located in the spinal cord or brain stem as interneurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information does the spinocerebellar pathway deliver?

    <p>Proprioceptive information from muscles and joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

    <p>It regulates major bodily functions outside of conscious awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the basial nuclei?

    <p>To adjust or establish patterns of movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which pathway do messages decussate before ascending to the thalamus?

    <p>Spinothalamic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of activities primarily engage the medial pathway of the motor command system?

    <p>Muscle tone and gross movements of proximal muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true about visceral sensory pathways?

    <p>They provide information to specific centers like the respiratory center.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the lateral pathway from the medial pathway in motor control?

    <p>The lateral pathway specifically addresses muscle tone in distal limb muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Reticular Activating System (RAS)?

    <p>Enhance cortical awareness and consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurological area is responsible for language comprehension?

    <p>Wernicke's area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following changes in aging can affect motor control?

    <p>Slowed reaction times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of olfactory sensory neurons?

    <p>Sense odorants in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of gustatory receptors?

    <p>Require direct contact with food particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of the eye is responsible for focusing light?

    <p>Cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes olfactory epithelium?

    <p>Composed of olfactory sensory neurons, supporting cells, and regenerative basal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the perception of taste as a person ages?

    <p>Decrease in the number of taste buds and sensitivity of receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye contains light-detecting cells?

    <p>Retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the glomeruli in the olfactory bulb play?

    <p>Sort afferent signals based on scent components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aging affect the brain's synaptic organization?

    <p>Changes in synaptic organization can lead to functional changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of papillae is NOT involved in tasting?

    <p>Filiform papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the ciliary body in the eye?

    <p>Produce aqueous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Transfer and process information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuroglia is responsible for forming the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Astrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes action potentials in neurons?

    <p>They propagate in a nondecremental fashion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Myelinate peripheral axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of postsynaptic potential promotes the generation of an action potential?

    <p>Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the depolarization phase of an action potential?

    <p>Sodium ions influx rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synapse is characterized by a gap junction allowing direct electrical communication?

    <p>Electrical synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outer layer of myelin sheath produced by Schwann cells is known as what?

    <p>Neurilemma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in mood regulation and emotional states?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information do proprioceptors provide?

    <p>Position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At rest, what is the membrane potential of a neuron?

    <p>-70 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is classified as an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a ramus in the context of spinal nerves?

    <p>A branching of spinal nerves to carry information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?

    <p>Connects the two hemispheres of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specialized area is primarily involved in language comprehension?

    <p>Wernicke's area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers connect the cerebrum to the spinal cord?

    <p>Projection fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the thalamus in the brain?

    <p>Acts as a relay point for sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is known for adjusting postural muscles and coordinating motor patterns?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ataxia refer to in terms of motor control?

    <p>Lack of order and coordinated movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer of the cranial meninges is closest to the brain surface?

    <p>Pia mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these functions is NOT associated with the hypothalamus?

    <p>Relay of sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brainstem is responsible for processing visual and auditory data?

    <p>Midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    <p>Support and cushioning of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the cranial meninges contains dural sinuses?

    <p>Dura mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of neurons are densely packed in the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum?

    <p>Purkinje neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do astrocytes contribute to in the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Support and maintenance of endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?

    <p>Olfactory nerve (CN I)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information do afferent pathways carry?

    <p>Sensory information from sensory receptors to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor provides information about the external environment?

    <p>Exteroceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes tonic receptors?

    <p>They remain active until the stimulus is removed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sensory receptor is specifically responsible for detecting pain?

    <p>Nociceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between fast pain and slow pain?

    <p>Fast pain is transmitted via myelinated fibers while slow pain uses unmyelinated fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mechanoreceptor is sensitive to high-frequency vibrations?

    <p>Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs during transduction?

    <p>Stimuli are converted into action potentials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do proprioceptors contribute to body awareness?

    <p>By monitoring muscle tension and joint positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes interoceptors?

    <p>They monitor changes inside the body, typically not reaching conscious awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables the CNS to localize stimuli effectively?

    <p>Having smaller receptive fields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitters are involved in pain perception?

    <p>Substance P and glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do baroreceptors play in the body?

    <p>Detect pressure changes in blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with phasic receptors?

    <p>They become less responsive over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the receptive field of a sensory receptor?

    <p>The area it monitors for stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes chemoreceptors' role in sensory processing?

    <p>They do not require conscious awareness for function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of preganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>To connect the central nervous system to autonomic ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily released from postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does activation of the sympathetic nervous system typically have on digestive functions?

    <p>Decreased digestive secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes dual innervation in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Most organs receive input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adrenal medulla is involved in the release of which substances into the bloodstream?

    <p>Epinephrine and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>III, VII, IX, X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor type is found in the effectors innervated by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons?

    <p>Muscarinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reflex involves two sets of motor neurons in the autonomic reflex arc?

    <p>Long reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily affected by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Enhanced energy reserves and metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of reflexes can be described as polysynaptic in nature?

    <p>Visceral reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ganglion is associated with innervating the organs of the abdominal cavity?

    <p>Celiac ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does norepinephrine play in the body regarding adrenergic receptors?

    <p>Has a longer lasting effect compared to acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common physiological effect of the parasympathetic nervous system activation?

    <p>Increased digestive secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system contains adrenergic neurons?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nervous Tissue

    • Nervous system anatomical divisions: central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
    • Functional divisions: afferent (to CNS), efferent (from CNS), somatic nervous system (SNS), autonomic nervous system (ANS), enteric nervous system (GI tract)
    • Neurons: basic functional unit; responsible for information transfer and processing
    • Neuroglia (glial cells): supporting cells; protect and separate neurons

    Neuroglia (Glial Cells) in the CNS

    • Astrocytes: most common, largest; maintain blood-brain barrier, provide structural support, regulate ions, nutrients, and gases, absorb neurotransmitters, form scar tissue
    • Oligodendrocytes: myelinate CNS axons, provide structural framework
    • Microglia: remove debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis; immune cell function
    • Ependymal cells: line central canal and ventricles; assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

    Neuroglia (Glial Cells) in the PNS

    • Satellite cells: "astrocytes of PNS"; surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia; regulate oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and neurotransmitters
    • Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes): surround all axons in PNS; myelinate peripheral axons; participate in repair processes
    • Myelin: insulating layer for faster transmission; forms white matter
    • Nodes of Ranvier: gaps between Schwann cells

    Neuron Classification

    • Anaxonic neurons: small, numerous dendrites, no obvious axons; found in brain and special sense organs
    • Bipolar neurons: two distinct processes (one dendrite and one axon); cell body between the two; rare; special sense organs
    • Unipolar (pseudounipolar) neurons: single elongated process; cell body off to the side; most sensory neurons in PNS; longest axon
    • Multipolar neurons: two or more dendrites and a single axon; most common in CNS

    Functional Classification of Neurons

    • Sensory neurons (afferent fibers): send information from PNS to CNS; somatic (body) and visceral (organ) sensory neurons; interoceptors (digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems); exteroreceptors (external environment); proprioceptors (position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints)
    • Interneurons (association neurons): connect sensory and motor neurons; most neurons are interneurons

    Synapse

    • Specialized site of neuron communication with another cell
    • Transmission from presynaptic cell to postsynaptic cell
    • Postsynaptic cell can be another neuron, muscle fiber, or gland cell
    • Two synapse types: electrical and chemical

    Membrane Potential

    • Plasma membrane has a membrane potential (polarized electrically)
    • Separation of charges across the membrane; difference in cations and anions in intracellular and extracellular fluid (ICF and ECF)
    • Nerve and muscle cells are excitable tissues; undergo transient, rapid changes in membrane potential; fluctuations serve as electrical signals

    Membrane Potential Terms

    • Resting membrane potential: membrane potential of a resting, unstimulated cell; typically -70 mV
    • Graded potentials: temporary, localized changes in resting potential; caused by stimulus; small signal; short range
    • Action potentials: electrical impulses produced by graded potentials; propagate along axon surface; large signal; long distance

    Action Potential

    • Brief, rapid, and large (100 mV) change in membrane potential
    • Occurs in response to graded potentials that reach threshold
    • Essential for conduction of nerve impulses; demonstrates "all-or-none" principle

    Steps in Action Potential

    • Depolarization to threshold (Sodium channels open)
    • Activation of voltage-gated sodium channels
    • Inactivation of sodium channels; activation of potassium channels
    • Closing of potassium channels and return to resting potential

    Action Potential Characteristics

    • All-or-none law: stimuli bringing the membrane to threshold generate identical action potentials
    • No summation
    • Nondecremental: action potential amplitude remains the same throughout propagation
    • One-way propagation
    • Refractory period: absolute and relative periods

    Propagation of Action Potential

    • Continuous propagation: unmyelinated fibers; action potential spreads along every portion of the membrane
    • Saltatory propagation: myelinated fibers; impulse jumps over myelin-covered sections

    Electrical Synapse

    • Presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes linked by gap junctions
    • Ions pass between cells through pores; rapid potential propagation
    • Rare; found in retina and some parts of cerebral cortex, and ciliary ganglia

    Chemical Synapses

    • Most common type of synapse between neurons, and the only type between neurons and other cells
    • Cells separated by synaptic cleft; presynaptic cell sends message, postsynaptic cell receives it
    • Neuromuscular junction: synapse between neuron and skeletal muscle cell
    • Neuroglandular junction: synapse between neuron and gland cell

    Neurotransmitters

    • Chemical compounds released by one neuron to affect membrane potential of another
    • Released into synaptic cleft; exert effect on receptors in postsynaptic membrane; broken down by enzymes, reabsorbed

    Neurotransmitter Release

    • Action potential reaches synaptic knob/terminal
    • Synaptic terminals become permeable to calcium ions, which diffuse inward
    • Synaptic vesicles fuse to terminal membranes
    • Release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
    • Synaptic vesicles re-enter axon cytoplasm to pick up more neurotransmitters

    Classification of Neurotransmitters

    • Excitatory neurotransmitters: cause depolarization, promote action potential generation
    • Inhibitory neurotransmitters: cause hyperpolarization, suppress action potential generation

    Major Classes of Neurotransmitters

    • Biogenic amines (norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin)
    • Amino acids (glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA)
    • Neuropeptides (enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins)
    • Dissolved gases (nitric oxide, carbon monoxide)

    Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)

    • Response/change in membrane potential at postsynaptic membrane
    • Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP): depolarization, promotes action potentials
    • Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP): hyperpolarization, suppresses action potentials

    (Note: Subsequent sections on the central nervous system, spinal cord, brain, special senses, etc. are extremely detailed and would form a separate, even more comprehensive set of study notes.)

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions of the nervous system, sensory organs, and related reflexes. This quiz covers essential topics necessary for understanding human physiology, including spinal cord functions and the physiology of sight and sound.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser