Anatomy and Physiology Quiz - Chapter Overview

Reference posture where body stands erect, arms at sides, palms forward.

Terms that describe the locations and positions of body parts relative to each other.

Towards the midline of the body.

Towards the side of the body.

Above or toward the head.

Below or toward the feet.

Closer to the trunk or point of origin.

Farther from the trunk or point of origin.

Refers to a position on the same side of the body.

Refers to a position on the opposite side of the body.

Vertical line from the center of gravity (COG) to the ground.

The point where an object's weight is evenly distributed.

The surface area that supports a body or object.

Conditions that enhance stability include COG within BOS, closer to ground, and wider BOS.

Narrow base reduces stability; wide base increases it.

Stability is essential for performance and progression in movement.

Correct foot placement and stance during exercise increases stability.

Stability increases when COG is lower to the ground.

The position of the body during activity, crucial for stability.

The front part of the foot, including phalanges and metatarsals.

The middle section of the foot containing tarsals.

The back part of the foot, made of calcaneum and talus.

The outer boundary of the feet that supports body balance.

The area around the midfoot; crucial for stability during movement.

The study of mechanical laws relating to living organisms' movement.

Rigid bars that move around a fixed point, enhancing force application.

Using something to maximum advantage to move heavier objects.

Muscles work with bones and joints to create lever systems for movement.

The amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, calculated as HR × SV.

Normal cardiac output at rest is approximately 5 liters based on an average heart rate and stroke volume.

Heart rate significantly increases during physical activity to supply more oxygen to muscles.

Cardiac output for athletes can increase to 30-32 liters during maximal exercise.

Long-term exercise leads to better contractility and efficiency of the heart muscle.

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the Right Ventricle through the Tricuspid valve.

Regulates blood flow from the Right Atrium to the Right Ventricle and prevents backflow.

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via Pulmonary arteries through the Pulmonary valve.

Allows deoxygenated blood to flow from the Right Ventricle to the lungs.

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the Left Ventricle via Bicuspid valve.

Regulates blood flow from the Left Atrium to the Left Ventricle and prevents backflow.

Main pumping chamber of the heart, pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

Blood low in oxygen that is directed from the body to the heart.

Blood rich in oxygen that is pumped from the heart to the body.

Circulation pathway that moves deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood.

Number of breaths taken per minute, typically 12-16 at rest.

Total volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath, about 500ml at rest.

Total volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one minute, typically 6 liters at rest.

Long-term changes in the respiratory system from consistent exercise.

Growth in the capacity of lungs to hold air due to regular training.

Volume of oxygen used by the body to produce energy.

Volume of oxygen used by the body at rest, approximately 3.5 ml/kg/min.

Maximum volume of oxygen utilized by the body at maximum effort.

Physiological measure expressing energy cost of physical activities.

Improved use of alveoli for gas exchange due to training.