Anatomy and Physiology Quiz - Chapter Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does LOG stand for?

  • Line of gravity (correct)
  • Length of gait
  • Limit of growth
  • Level of ground

    • Which anatomical landmark does the line of gravity (LOG) pass through, according to the text?

  • Fifth lumbar vertebra (L5)
  • Second sacral vertebra (S2) (correct)
  • Соссух
  • First sacral vertebra (S1)

    • In relation to the ground, how is the line of gravity (LOG) oriented?

  • Tangent
  • Parallel
  • Perpendicular (correct)
  • Oblique

    • What is the definition of Base of Support (BOS)?

    <p>The surface area over which the body or object is supported/stabilized. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to increased stability?

    <p>COG being within BOS. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between stability and athletic performance?

    <p>Stability is the key to performance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Upon what does progression depend?

    <p>Good stability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vital during exercise, according to the text?

    <p>Proper stance and feet placement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two variables are used to compute cardiac output?

    <p>Heart rate and stroke volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At rest, approximately what is a typical person's cardiac output?

    <p>5 liters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During maximal exercise, approximately what would be a sportsperson’s cardiac output?

    <p>30-32 Liters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a chronic adaptation to cardiovascular exercise?

    <p>Better contractility of the myocardium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During acute cardiovascular exercise, what happens to the heart rate?

    <p>The heart rate increases significantly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the anatomical position?

    <p>To provide a standard reference point for describing body movements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the position of the palms in the anatomical position?

    <p>Facing forward. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the directional term 'medial' refer to?

    <p>Toward the midline. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a structure is described as 'superior' to another, where is it located?

    <p>Above. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'distal' mean in anatomical terminology?

    <p>Farther from the trunk or origin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which directional term describes a position on the opposite side of the body?

    <p>Contralateral. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of ipsilateral body parts?

    <p>Left arm and left leg. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a structure closest to the point of attachment?

    <p>Proximal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In anatomical terms, what is the opposite of 'superior'?

    <p>Inferior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Kinesiology?

    <p>The study of body movements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart valve prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium?

    <p>Tricuspid valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood does the right atrium receive from the body?

    <p>Deoxygenated blood via the superior and inferior vena cava (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart chamber pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries?

    <p>Right ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the blood gains oxygen within the lungs, which vessels carry the oxygenated blood to the left atrium?

    <p>Pulmonary veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve allows oxygenated blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

    <p>Mitral valve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chamber of the heart is considered the main pumping chamber, responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body?

    <p>Left ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pulmonary valve?

    <p>To allow blood to flow from the right ventricle to the lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following prevents the blood from flowing back from the Left Ventricle to the Left Atrium?

    <p>Bicuspid valve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following carries blood that is filled with oxygen to the left atrium?

    <p>Pulmonary veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Tricuspid valve?

    <p>It allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following constitutes the rear/hind foot?

    <p>Calcaneum and Talus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a lever, as described in the text?

    <p>To move something heavy or make something go fast, making the work easier. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In biomechanics, what does 'Bio' refer to?

    <p>Living organism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the center of BOS?

    <p>Area around the mid foot (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do muscles work together with to form lever systems?

    <p>Bones and joints (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'Leverage'?

    <p>Using something to maximum advantage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'Mechanics' in the context of Biomechanics?

    <p>Laws of physics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mechanical lever?

    <p>A rigid bar which moves around a fixed point. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate resting minute ventilation?

    <p>6 liters/minute (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the closest to a typical resting respiration rate for an adult?

    <p>12-16 breaths/minute (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes Tidal Volume (TV)?

    <p>Volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An increased gaseous exchange due to chronic adaptation to the respiratory system will directly lead to:

    <p>Improved oxygen delivery to working muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does VO2 represent in the context of aerobic capacity?

    <p>Volume of oxygen used by the body to produce energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adaptation would negatively impact respiratory function during intense exercise?

    <p>Reduced blood flow to the lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a person's VO2 during rest is 7 ml of oxygen per kg of body weight per minute, this would be equivalent to how many METs?

    <p>2 METs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does improved utilization of alveoli contribute to improved recovery from exercise?

    <p>It enhances gaseous exchange efficiency, facilitating quicker replenishment of energy stores (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the closest approximation to resting tidal volume?

    <p>500ml/breath (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change would occur in lung volume and capacity in association with chronic adaptations to the respiratory system?

    <p>Increase in lung volume and capacity to breathe air (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Anatomical Position

    Reference posture where body stands erect, arms at sides, palms forward.

    Directional Terms

    Terms that describe the locations and positions of body parts relative to each other.

    Medial

    Towards the midline of the body.

    Lateral

    Towards the side of the body.

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    Superior

    Above or toward the head.

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    Inferior

    Below or toward the feet.

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    Proximal

    Closer to the trunk or point of origin.

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    Distal

    Farther from the trunk or point of origin.

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    Ipsilateral

    Refers to a position on the same side of the body.

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    Contralateral

    Refers to a position on the opposite side of the body.

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    Line of Gravity (LOG)

    Vertical line from the center of gravity (COG) to the ground.

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    Center of Gravity (COG)

    The point where an object's weight is evenly distributed.

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    Base of Support (BOS)

    The surface area that supports a body or object.

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    Stability Factors

    Conditions that enhance stability include COG within BOS, closer to ground, and wider BOS.

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    Narrow vs Wide BOS

    Narrow base reduces stability; wide base increases it.

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    Importance of Stability

    Stability is essential for performance and progression in movement.

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    Proper Stance

    Correct foot placement and stance during exercise increases stability.

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    COG Closeness to Ground

    Stability increases when COG is lower to the ground.

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    Stance in Movement

    The position of the body during activity, crucial for stability.

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    Forefoot

    The front part of the foot, including phalanges and metatarsals.

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    Midfoot

    The middle section of the foot containing tarsals.

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    Rear/Hind Foot

    The back part of the foot, made of calcaneum and talus.

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    BOS (Base of Support)

    The outer boundary of the feet that supports body balance.

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    Center of BOS

    The area around the midfoot; crucial for stability during movement.

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    Biomechanics

    The study of mechanical laws relating to living organisms' movement.

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    Mechanical Levers

    Rigid bars that move around a fixed point, enhancing force application.

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    Leverage

    Using something to maximum advantage to move heavier objects.

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    Muscle and Bone Interaction

    Muscles work with bones and joints to create lever systems for movement.

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    Cardiac Output (Q)

    The amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, calculated as HR × SV.

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    Cardiac Output at Rest

    Normal cardiac output at rest is approximately 5 liters based on an average heart rate and stroke volume.

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    Increase in Heart Rate during Exercise

    Heart rate significantly increases during physical activity to supply more oxygen to muscles.

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    Sportsman's Cardiac Output

    Cardiac output for athletes can increase to 30-32 liters during maximal exercise.

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    Chronic Adaptations to Exercise

    Long-term exercise leads to better contractility and efficiency of the heart muscle.

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    Right Atrium

    Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the Right Ventricle through the Tricuspid valve.

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    Tricuspid Valve

    Regulates blood flow from the Right Atrium to the Right Ventricle and prevents backflow.

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    Right Ventricle

    Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via Pulmonary arteries through the Pulmonary valve.

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    Pulmonary Valve

    Allows deoxygenated blood to flow from the Right Ventricle to the lungs.

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    Left Atrium

    Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the Left Ventricle via Bicuspid valve.

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    Bicuspid Valve

    Regulates blood flow from the Left Atrium to the Left Ventricle and prevents backflow.

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    Left Ventricle

    Main pumping chamber of the heart, pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

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    Deoxygenated Blood

    Blood low in oxygen that is directed from the body to the heart.

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    Oxygenated Blood

    Blood rich in oxygen that is pumped from the heart to the body.

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    Pulmonary Circulation

    Circulation pathway that moves deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood.

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    Respiration Rate

    Number of breaths taken per minute, typically 12-16 at rest.

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    Tidal Volume (TV)

    Total volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath, about 500ml at rest.

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    Minute Ventilation

    Total volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one minute, typically 6 liters at rest.

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    Chronic Adaptations to Respiratory System

    Long-term changes in the respiratory system from consistent exercise.

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    Increased Lung Volume

    Growth in the capacity of lungs to hold air due to regular training.

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    VO2

    Volume of oxygen used by the body to produce energy.

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    VO2 Rest

    Volume of oxygen used by the body at rest, approximately 3.5 ml/kg/min.

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    VO2 Max

    Maximum volume of oxygen utilized by the body at maximum effort.

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    Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET)

    Physiological measure expressing energy cost of physical activities.

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    Alveoli Utilization

    Improved use of alveoli for gas exchange due to training.

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    Study Notes

    Body Part 2: Legs

    • The presentation covers leg anatomy, exercises, and schedules.
    • It includes an outline of the topics: Muscles and Functions, Exercises, and Schedule.
    • The quadriceps femoris muscles of the anterior thigh are detailed, including the rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis. Vastus intermedius is a deep muscle located below the rectus femoris.
    • The insertion of the quadriceps femoris, where the muscles attach to the patellar ligament, is also discussed.
    • The hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus) of the posterior thigh are shown along with their origins and insertions detailing their functions on the knee and hip.
    • Different types of leg curl machines are shown and explained, like Flat Prone leg curl, Angled Prone leg curl, and Seated leg curl.
    • The gluteal group muscles (gluteus maximus, tensor fasciae latae, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus) are explored, detailing their roles in hip extension and lateral hip stabilization, including different types of hip exercises.
    • The presentation compares the human and chimpanzee skeletons, highlighting skeletal differences.
    • The presentation also encompasses several exercises and schedules for training the quadriceps and gluteal groups.
    • It highlights the adductor group muscles (magnus, longus, brevis, pectineus, and gracilis) in the inner thigh and their functions, including hip adduction and hip extension.
    • Different types of squats, like back squats, front squats, overhead squats, Smith machine squats, hack squats, and ball squats, are shown and explained as exercises.
    • It discusses the exercises to train Quadriceps and Gluteal group: Squats and Lunges.
    • It further explains the optional exercises like stiff leg deadlift, hip thrust, leg press and leg extensions.
    • The muscles of the lower leg (gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior) and their functions (plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, inversion) are elaborated.
    • Finally, the presentation provides an advanced schedule (6-8 RM) for leg workouts and a list of assignments related to legs.

    Kinesiology

    • Kinesiology is the study of human body movements.
    • It involves the body's language of anatomy, including anatomical terminology and directional terms.
    • It also encompasses center of gravity (COG) and base of support (BOS).
    • Biomechanics, mechanical levers, and planes of action are key aspects of kinesiology.
    • The presentation also outlines various parts of the skeletal system (axial, and appendicular skeleton)and their individual functions.
    • Various skeletal system types (cranium, associated bones, spine, ribcage) are outlined, along with important terminology (e.g., neck, chest, thigh, foot etc.)
    • The presentation also looks at different movements (flexion, extension, rotation, abduction etc.) in different skeletal segments, including joints and muscles involved.
    • Descriptions and diagrams show types of bones (long, short, flat, and irregular). Diagrammatic representations of parts of long bones (diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis) are included.
    • This topic also distinguishes between the different types of fat storage (subcutaneous, visceral).

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts from anatomy and physiology, focusing on topics like the line of gravity, base of support, and cardiac output. This quiz covers definitions, relationships in athletic performance, and adaptations in cardiovascular exercise. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding.

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