Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

Human Body Overview

• The human body is studied through anatomy and physiology.
• Anatomy investigates the body's structure (gross and microscopic).
• Gross anatomy studies structures without a microscope.
• Microscopic anatomy studies structures that require a microscope.
• Physiology investigates the processes or functions of living things.

Student Learning Outcomes

• Students will identify the organizational hierarchy of the human body.
• Students will identify the eleven different body systems and how they interact.
• Students will identify and explain the characteristics of life.
• Students will explain homeostasis and feedback loops.
• Students will identify body regions and explain directional terms, anatomical positions.

Anatomical Imaging Techniques

• X-ray uses electromagnetic waves.
• Ultrasound uses sound waves.
• Computed Tomography (CT) uses computer-analyzed X-ray images.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses radio waves.
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) uses radioactively labeled glucose.

Physiology Breakdown

• Physiology considers the operations of specific organ systems.
• Cell physiology examines cell processes.
• Systemic physiology studies organ system functions.
• Neurophysiology focuses on the nervous system.
• Cardiovascular physiology studies the circulatory system.

Anatomy and Physiology Interdependence

• Anatomy and physiology are inseparable.
• Structure (anatomy) dictates function (physiology).
• Pathology studies structural and functional changes due to disease.
• Exercise physiology examines body changes during exercise.

Organizational Hierarchy

• Chemical level: Atoms combine to form molecules.
• Cell level: Cells are made up of molecules.
• Tissue level: Tissues consist of similar cell types.
• Organ level: Organs are made up of different tissue types.
• Organ system level: Organ systems consist of organs that work together.
• Organism level: The human organism comprises many organ systems.

Organ Systems of the Human Body

• Integumentary system
• Skeletal system
• Muscular system
• Lymphatic system
• Respiratory system
• Digestive system
• Nervous system
• Cardiovascular system
• Endocrine system
• Reproductive system (Male and Female)
• Urinary system

Integumentary System

• Provides protection from injury, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and aids in vitamin D production.
• Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.

Skeletal System

• Provides protection and support for the body.
• Allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat.
• Consists of 206 bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints.

Muscular System

• Provides body movements, maintains posture, and generates body heat.
• Consists of muscles and tendons.

Lymphatic System

• Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph.
• Combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract.
• Consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphatic organs.

Respiratory System

• Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air.
• Regulates blood pH.
• Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages (pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles).

Digestive System

• Chemically and mechanically digests food.
• Absorbs nutrients and eliminates wastes.
• Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, colon, anus, and accessory organs.

Nervous System

• Detects sensations, controls movements, controls physiological processes, and controls intellectual functions.
• Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

Endocrine System

• Controls metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
• Consists of glands: hypothalamus, pituitary, thymus, thyroid, pancreas, and gonads.

Cardiovascular System

• Transports nutrients, transports waste, transports gases, transports hormones, regulates body temperature, and contributes to immunity.
• Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Urinary System

• Removes waste products from the blood.
• Regulates blood pH, regulates ion balance, and maintains water balance.
• Consists of kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra.

Female Reproductive System

• Produces oocytes (eggs), is the site of fertilization and fetal development, produces milk for newborns, and produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors.
• Consists of ovaries, vagina, uterus, and mammary glands.

Male Reproductive System

• Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female.
• Produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors.
• Consists of testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis.

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

• Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment.
• Variables fluctuate around a set point to maintain a normal range of values.
• Negative feedback counteracts a change in a variable to help maintain homeostasis.
• Components include stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response.

Positive Feedback

• Positive feedback enhances an initial stimulus, thus causing a variable to continue in the same direction.
• Positive feedback often controls infrequent events.
• An example is blood clotting.

Directional Terms and Body Regions

• Anatomical position: Body erect, feet together, palms forward, face forward.
• Directional terms: Superior/inferior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, superficial/deep, anterior/posterior.
• Body regions: Regional, quadrant, and cavity descriptions of specific areas of the body.

Body Cavities

• Dorsal body cavity protects the nervous system. Contains cranial and vertebral cavities.
• Ventral body cavity houses the internal organs. Contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
• Thoracic cavity: Contains the pleural cavities, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum.
• Abdominopelvic cavity: Contains abdominal and pelvic cavities.