Anatomy and Physiology Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cerebrum?

Control of complex movements

Processing sensory information

Associated with intelligence and higher cognitive functions (correct)

Regulation of internal organs

Which side of the cerebrum controls the right side of the body?

The left side of the cerebrum (correct)

Both sides equally

The right side of the cerebrum

The cerebellum

What important functions are regulated by the mid-brain and medulla oblongata?

Sensory processing

Motor control of limbs

Respiration and heartbeat regulation (correct)

Vision and hearing

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?

Olfactory nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three membranes comprising the meninges?

Neuroglia Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the Autonomic Nervous System is responsible for 'rest and digest' functions?

Parasympathetic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron conducts impulses from the effector organs to the spinal cord or brain?

Afferent neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key roles of the sympathetic nervous system?

Aids in the control of internal organs under stress Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of physiology in the study of living organisms?

Functions of organs and systems Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major system studied in systematic anatomy?

Metabolic system Signup and view all the answers

What type of anatomy focuses specifically on organisms at a microscopic level?

Histology Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is associated with the circulatory system?

Heart Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of comparative anatomy?

To compare structures across species Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the study of the skin?

Dermatology Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes odd-toed ungulates from even-toed ungulates?

Number of hooves Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the embryology field of study?

Study of developmental anatomy from conception to birth Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism?

Homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT considered a part of external anatomy?

Brain Signup and view all the answers

Which cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?

Dorsal cavity Signup and view all the answers

The process by which bone is formed through the secretory activity of osteoblasts is known as?

Osteogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of short bones?

Absorb concussion Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ventral cavity contains the heart and lungs?

Thoracic cavity Signup and view all the answers

The epiphyseal plate is important for what function in bones?

Bone growth Signup and view all the answers

Which classification of bones is characterized by a sesame seed shape and aids in reducing friction?

Sesamoid bones Signup and view all the answers

Which system is primarily responsible for rapid reflex actions and controlling body activities?

Nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What type of bones are known to communicate with air spaces or sinuses?

Pneumatic bones Signup and view all the answers

The axial skeleton includes which of the following structures?

Skull Signup and view all the answers

Endochondral ossification refers to bones developing from which type of tissue?

Cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy

Defined as the study of the structure of the animal body
"Ana" means "again" or "go back"
"Tome" means "to cut"

Physiology

Defined as the study of the function of the parts or organ systems of the body
Explains the physical and chemical factors responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life
Provides knowledge on the structure and function of the body
Homeostatic: maintenance of static and constant conditions in the body

Anatomy of Terms

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy: examination of the body's structure with the unaided eye
Comparative anatomy: comparing the structure of various species
Embryology: developmental anatomy from fertilization to birth
Histology (microscopic anatomy): examines tissues and cells with the aid of a microscope
Systematic anatomy: anatomy organized by systems

Systematic Anatomy

Angiology: study of the circulatory system, including the heart and blood vessels
Arthrology: study of the articular system, including joints
Dermatology: study of the integumentary system, including skin
Endocrinology: study of the endocrine system, including ductless glands
Esthesiology: study of the sensory system, including the eyes and ears
Myology: study of the muscular system, including muscles
Neurology: study of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Osteology: study of the skeletal system, including bones
Splanchnology: study of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems
The digestive system includes the stomach and intestines
The respiratory system includes the lungs and air passages
The urinary system includes the kidneys and bladder
The reproductive system includes the ovaries and testes

External Anatomy

Head
- Facial region (anterior)
  - External nares
  - Eyes
  - Ears
- Cranial region (posterior)
Neck
- Jugular veins
Trunk
- Thorax (anterior): chest
- Abdomen (posterior): teats
- Pectoral limb: shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, elbow, cannon, digits
- Pelvic limb: pelvic girdle, thigh, knee, leg, hock, cannon, digits
Tail
- Perineum: anal & urogenital opening

External Anatomy of Birds

Body Form and Skin
- Well-developed head
- Long, flexible neck
- Short, plumper trunk
- Tail reduced to a stump (uropygium)
- Covered with feathers
Feathers
- Flight feathers: large and stout; covers wings and tail
- Coverts: smaller; covers base of wings, tail, and body
- Filoplumes (hair feathers)
Feather follicle: deep pits where feathers are attached
Pterylae: paired areas with feathers
Apterylae: areas without feathers
Head
- Beak
- Cere
- External nares
- Eyes
- Ears
- Earlobes
- Wattle
- Comb
Trunk
- Firm and flexible due to bone fusion at the back
- Keel (breastbone)
- Wing (anterior pair of limbs)
  - Upper arm (bigger)
  - Forearm (longer than upper arm)
  - Carpus & metacarpus fused
  - Only 3 digits
- Hind limbs (tarsus, metatarsus; 4 digits)
Tail
- Circle of flight feathers (rectrices)
- Under the base: cloaca
- In front of the base: uropygial gland (oil or preen gland)

Body Cavities

Dorsal cavity: contains the brain and spinal cord
Ventral cavity: contains the visceral organs
- Thoracic cavity: contains the heart and lungs
- Abdomino pelvic cavity:
  - Abdominal: visceral organs - stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys
  - Pelvic: contains the rectum, urogenital system

Skeletal System

Study of bones
Highly specialized supportive tissue characterized by its rigidity and hardness

Functions of Bones

Provide mechanical support
Permit locomotion
Provide protection
Act as a metabolic reservoir of minerals

Osteogenesis

The process of bone formation
Intramembranous ossification (membrane bones): bones develop in mesenchymal connective tissue
Endochondral ossification: bones develop from pre-existing cartilage
- Examples: femur, humerus
- Responsible for longitudinal bone growth

Epiphyseal Plate/Line

Site of bone growth
Composed of different zones:
- Zone of growth
- Zone of cartilage transformation
- Zone of ossification

Classification of Bones by Appearance

Long bones: great dimension; functions as levers, for support, and locomotion
- Examples: forelimb (humerus, radius, ulna…) and hind limb (femur, tibia… )
Short bones: cuboid, equal size; function: absorbs concussion
- Examples: carpals, tarsals
Flat bones: thin and expanded, function: protects vital organs (brain, lungs…) and provides muscle attachment
Sesamoid bones: sesame seed shape, develop along tendons
- Functions: reduce friction, change the course of tendons
- Example: patella
Irregular bones: unpaired bones in the median plane (midline)
- Functions: protection, support, and muscle attachment
- Examples: vertebral column, some bones of the skull
Pneumatic bones: bones with air spaces/sinuses that communicate with the exterior
- Examples: flying birds, maxillary and frontal bones

### Division of the Skeleton

Axial skeleton: includes all bones except those of the limbs or appendages
- Composed of the skull, vertebrae, and ribs
Appendicular skeleton: made up of the bones of the pectoral and pelvic limbs

Nervous System

Controls the body's activities
- Muscular contraction
- Secretions of endocrine glands
- Heart rate
- Respiration rate
- Gastrointestinal motility
- Rapid reflex action
Composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Contains the majority of the nervous system
Consists of the brain and spinal cord

Brain

Lies in the cranial cavity
Cerebrum: largest part, separated in two halves by a deep groove
- Associated with intelligence and more developed in higher animals
- Right side of the cerebrum controls the left side of the body, and vice versa.
- Connected to its underside is the pituitary gland
Cerebellum: much smaller than the cerebrum
- Controls complicated movements
Mid-brain and Medulla Oblongata: lies below and behind the cerebellum
- Controls the centers for respiration, heart regulation, controls blood supply, regulates heat, and controls the digestive system
- 9 out of 12 important cranial nerves arise from the medulla

Cranial Nerves

Olfactory - to the nose (smell)
Optic - to the eye (sight)
Oculomotor - to the muscles of the eye
Trochlear - to the muscles of the eye
Trigeminal - to the skin of the face
Abducent - to the muscles of the eye
Facial - to the muscles of the face
Auditory - to the ear (hearing)
Glossopharyngeal - to the tongue (taste)
Vagus - to the heart, larynx, lungs, and stomach
Accessory spinal - to the muscles of the neck
Hypoglossal - to the muscles of the tongue

Spinal Cord

Continuation of the medulla oblongata down to the tail in the vertebral canal
Main trunk for communication with the brain

Meninges

Cover the brain and the spinal cord
Membranes comprising the meninges:
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid
- Pia mater

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Resides or extends outside the limbs and organs
Not protected by bone, making it susceptible to toxins and mechanical injuries
Divided into:
Somatic NS: innervates striated or skeletal muscles; brings quick adjustments to environmental changes
Autonomic NS: innervates glands and visceral musculature

Divisions of the Autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic NS: controls most internal organs, mobilizes the body's resources during stress
Parasympathetic NS: promotes maintenance of body at rest.

Nerve Cells (Neurons)

Classified according to the direction of impulse conduction:
- Afferent (sensory) neurons: from effector organs to the spinal cord/brain
- Efferent (motor) neurons: from the spinal cord/brain to effector organs
- Interneurons: from the afferent neuron within the CNS

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Description

This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of anatomy and physiology, including key definitions and types of anatomy such as gross, comparative, and systematic anatomy. It also covers the essential functions and importance of the body's organ systems and maintenance of homeostasis. Test your knowledge on the structure and function of the animal body with this comprehensive quiz!