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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the cerebrum?
Which side of the cerebrum controls the right side of the body?
What important functions are regulated by the mid-brain and medulla oblongata?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the three membranes comprising the meninges?
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Which division of the Autonomic Nervous System is responsible for 'rest and digest' functions?
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Which type of neuron conducts impulses from the effector organs to the spinal cord or brain?
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What is one of the key roles of the sympathetic nervous system?
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What is the primary focus of physiology in the study of living organisms?
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Which of the following is NOT a major system studied in systematic anatomy?
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What type of anatomy focuses specifically on organisms at a microscopic level?
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Which structure is associated with the circulatory system?
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What is the primary role of comparative anatomy?
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Which term refers to the study of the skin?
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What distinguishes odd-toed ungulates from even-toed ungulates?
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Which of the following best describes the embryology field of study?
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What term describes the maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism?
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Which of the following structures is NOT considered a part of external anatomy?
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Which cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?
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The process by which bone is formed through the secretory activity of osteoblasts is known as?
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What is the primary function of short bones?
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Which part of the ventral cavity contains the heart and lungs?
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The epiphyseal plate is important for what function in bones?
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Which classification of bones is characterized by a sesame seed shape and aids in reducing friction?
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Which system is primarily responsible for rapid reflex actions and controlling body activities?
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What type of bones are known to communicate with air spaces or sinuses?
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The axial skeleton includes which of the following structures?
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Endochondral ossification refers to bones developing from which type of tissue?
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Study Notes
Anatomy
- Defined as the study of the structure of the animal body
- "Ana" means "again" or "go back"
- "Tome" means "to cut"
Physiology
- Defined as the study of the function of the parts or organ systems of the body
- Explains the physical and chemical factors responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life
- Provides knowledge on the structure and function of the body
- Homeostatic: maintenance of static and constant conditions in the body
Anatomy of Terms
- Gross (macroscopic) anatomy: examination of the body's structure with the unaided eye
- Comparative anatomy: comparing the structure of various species
- Embryology: developmental anatomy from fertilization to birth
- Histology (microscopic anatomy): examines tissues and cells with the aid of a microscope
- Systematic anatomy: anatomy organized by systems
Systematic Anatomy
- Angiology: study of the circulatory system, including the heart and blood vessels
- Arthrology: study of the articular system, including joints
- Dermatology: study of the integumentary system, including skin
- Endocrinology: study of the endocrine system, including ductless glands
- Esthesiology: study of the sensory system, including the eyes and ears
- Myology: study of the muscular system, including muscles
- Neurology: study of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
- Osteology: study of the skeletal system, including bones
- Splanchnology: study of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems
- The digestive system includes the stomach and intestines
- The respiratory system includes the lungs and air passages
- The urinary system includes the kidneys and bladder
- The reproductive system includes the ovaries and testes
External Anatomy
-
Head
- Facial region (anterior)
- External nares
- Eyes
- Ears
- Cranial region (posterior)
- Facial region (anterior)
-
Neck
- Jugular veins
-
Trunk
- Thorax (anterior): chest
- Abdomen (posterior): teats
- Pectoral limb: shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, elbow, cannon, digits
- Pelvic limb: pelvic girdle, thigh, knee, leg, hock, cannon, digits
-
Tail
- Perineum: anal & urogenital opening
External Anatomy of Birds
-
Body Form and Skin
- Well-developed head
- Long, flexible neck
- Short, plumper trunk
- Tail reduced to a stump (uropygium)
- Covered with feathers
-
Feathers
- Flight feathers: large and stout; covers wings and tail
- Coverts: smaller; covers base of wings, tail, and body
- Filoplumes (hair feathers)
-
Feather follicle: deep pits where feathers are attached
-
Pterylae: paired areas with feathers
-
Apterylae: areas without feathers
-
Head
- Beak
- Cere
- External nares
- Eyes
- Ears
- Earlobes
- Wattle
- Comb
-
Trunk
- Firm and flexible due to bone fusion at the back
- Keel (breastbone)
- Wing (anterior pair of limbs)
- Upper arm (bigger)
- Forearm (longer than upper arm)
- Carpus & metacarpus fused
- Only 3 digits
- Hind limbs (tarsus, metatarsus; 4 digits)
-
Tail
- Circle of flight feathers (rectrices)
- Under the base: cloaca
- In front of the base: uropygial gland (oil or preen gland)
Body Cavities
- Dorsal cavity: contains the brain and spinal cord
- Ventral cavity: contains the visceral organs
- Thoracic cavity: contains the heart and lungs
- Abdomino pelvic cavity:
- Abdominal: visceral organs - stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys
- Pelvic: contains the rectum, urogenital system
Skeletal System
- Study of bones
- Highly specialized supportive tissue characterized by its rigidity and hardness
Functions of Bones
- Provide mechanical support
- Permit locomotion
- Provide protection
- Act as a metabolic reservoir of minerals
Osteogenesis
- The process of bone formation
- Intramembranous ossification (membrane bones): bones develop in mesenchymal connective tissue
- Endochondral ossification: bones develop from pre-existing cartilage
- Examples: femur, humerus
- Responsible for longitudinal bone growth
Epiphyseal Plate/Line
- Site of bone growth
- Composed of different zones:
- Zone of growth
- Zone of cartilage transformation
- Zone of ossification
Classification of Bones by Appearance
-
Long bones: great dimension; functions as levers, for support, and locomotion
- Examples: forelimb (humerus, radius, ulna…) and hind limb (femur, tibia… )
-
Short bones: cuboid, equal size; function: absorbs concussion
- Examples: carpals, tarsals
- Flat bones: thin and expanded, function: protects vital organs (brain, lungs…) and provides muscle attachment
-
Sesamoid bones: sesame seed shape, develop along tendons
- Functions: reduce friction, change the course of tendons
- Example: patella
-
Irregular bones: unpaired bones in the median plane (midline)
- Functions: protection, support, and muscle attachment
- Examples: vertebral column, some bones of the skull
-
Pneumatic bones: bones with air spaces/sinuses that communicate with the exterior
- Examples: flying birds, maxillary and frontal bones
###Â Division of the Skeleton
-
Axial skeleton: includes all bones except those of the limbs or appendages
- Composed of the skull, vertebrae, and ribs
- Appendicular skeleton: made up of the bones of the pectoral and pelvic limbs
Nervous System
- Controls the body's activities
- Muscular contraction
- Secretions of endocrine glands
- Heart rate
- Respiration rate
- Gastrointestinal motility
- Rapid reflex action
- Composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Contains the majority of the nervous system
- Consists of the brain and spinal cord
Brain
- Lies in the cranial cavity
-
Cerebrum: largest part, separated in two halves by a deep groove
- Associated with intelligence and more developed in higher animals
- Right side of the cerebrum controls the left side of the body, and vice versa.
- Connected to its underside is the pituitary gland
-
Cerebellum: much smaller than the cerebrum
- Controls complicated movements
-
Mid-brain and Medulla Oblongata: lies below and behind the cerebellum
- Controls the centers for respiration, heart regulation, controls blood supply, regulates heat, and controls the digestive system
- 9 out of 12 important cranial nerves arise from the medulla
Cranial Nerves
- Olfactory - to the nose (smell)
- Optic - to the eye (sight)
- Oculomotor - to the muscles of the eye
- Trochlear - to the muscles of the eye
- Trigeminal - to the skin of the face
- Abducent - to the muscles of the eye
- Facial - to the muscles of the face
- Auditory - to the ear (hearing)
- Glossopharyngeal - to the tongue (taste)
- Vagus - to the heart, larynx, lungs, and stomach
- Accessory spinal - to the muscles of the neck
- Hypoglossal - to the muscles of the tongue
Spinal Cord
- Continuation of the medulla oblongata down to the tail in the vertebral canal
- Main trunk for communication with the brain
Meninges
- Cover the brain and the spinal cord
- Membranes comprising the meninges:
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid
- Pia mater
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Resides or extends outside the limbs and organs
- Not protected by bone, making it susceptible to toxins and mechanical injuries
- Divided into:
- Somatic NS: innervates striated or skeletal muscles; brings quick adjustments to environmental changes
- Autonomic NS: innervates glands and visceral musculature
Divisions of the Autonomic nervous system
- Sympathetic NS: controls most internal organs, mobilizes the body's resources during stress
- Parasympathetic NS: promotes maintenance of body at rest.
Nerve Cells (Neurons)
- Classified according to the direction of impulse conduction:
- Afferent (sensory) neurons: from effector organs to the spinal cord/brain
- Efferent (motor) neurons: from the spinal cord/brain to effector organs
- Interneurons: from the afferent neuron within the CNS
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of anatomy and physiology, including key definitions and types of anatomy such as gross, comparative, and systematic anatomy. It also covers the essential functions and importance of the body's organ systems and maintenance of homeostasis. Test your knowledge on the structure and function of the animal body with this comprehensive quiz!
