Anatomy and Physiology Overview
28 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cerebrum?

  • Control of complex movements
  • Processing sensory information
  • Associated with intelligence and higher cognitive functions (correct)
  • Regulation of internal organs

    • Which side of the cerebrum controls the right side of the body?

  • The left side of the cerebrum (correct)
  • Both sides equally
  • The right side of the cerebrum
  • The cerebellum

    • What important functions are regulated by the mid-brain and medulla oblongata?

  • Sensory processing
  • Motor control of limbs
  • Respiration and heartbeat regulation (correct)
  • Vision and hearing

    • Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?

    <p>Olfactory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three membranes comprising the meninges?

    <p>Neuroglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the Autonomic Nervous System is responsible for 'rest and digest' functions?

    <p>Parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron conducts impulses from the effector organs to the spinal cord or brain?

    <p>Afferent neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key roles of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Aids in the control of internal organs under stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of physiology in the study of living organisms?

    <p>Functions of organs and systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major system studied in systematic anatomy?

    <p>Metabolic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of anatomy focuses specifically on organisms at a microscopic level?

    <p>Histology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is associated with the circulatory system?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of comparative anatomy?

    <p>To compare structures across species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the study of the skin?

    <p>Dermatology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes odd-toed ungulates from even-toed ungulates?

    <p>Number of hooves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the embryology field of study?

    <p>Study of developmental anatomy from conception to birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT considered a part of external anatomy?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?

    <p>Dorsal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which bone is formed through the secretory activity of osteoblasts is known as?

    <p>Osteogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of short bones?

    <p>Absorb concussion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ventral cavity contains the heart and lungs?

    <p>Thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epiphyseal plate is important for what function in bones?

    <p>Bone growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of bones is characterized by a sesame seed shape and aids in reducing friction?

    <p>Sesamoid bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is primarily responsible for rapid reflex actions and controlling body activities?

    <p>Nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bones are known to communicate with air spaces or sinuses?

    <p>Pneumatic bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axial skeleton includes which of the following structures?

    <p>Skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endochondral ossification refers to bones developing from which type of tissue?

    <p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomy

    • Defined as the study of the structure of the animal body
    • "Ana" means "again" or "go back"
    • "Tome" means "to cut"

    Physiology

    • Defined as the study of the function of the parts or organ systems of the body
    • Explains the physical and chemical factors responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life
    • Provides knowledge on the structure and function of the body
    • Homeostatic: maintenance of static and constant conditions in the body

    Anatomy of Terms

    • Gross (macroscopic) anatomy: examination of the body's structure with the unaided eye
    • Comparative anatomy: comparing the structure of various species
    • Embryology: developmental anatomy from fertilization to birth
    • Histology (microscopic anatomy): examines tissues and cells with the aid of a microscope
    • Systematic anatomy: anatomy organized by systems

    Systematic Anatomy

    • Angiology: study of the circulatory system, including the heart and blood vessels
    • Arthrology: study of the articular system, including joints
    • Dermatology: study of the integumentary system, including skin
    • Endocrinology: study of the endocrine system, including ductless glands
    • Esthesiology: study of the sensory system, including the eyes and ears
    • Myology: study of the muscular system, including muscles
    • Neurology: study of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
    • Osteology: study of the skeletal system, including bones
    • Splanchnology: study of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems
    • The digestive system includes the stomach and intestines
    • The respiratory system includes the lungs and air passages
    • The urinary system includes the kidneys and bladder
    • The reproductive system includes the ovaries and testes

    External Anatomy

    • Head
      • Facial region (anterior)
        • External nares
        • Eyes
        • Ears
      • Cranial region (posterior)
    • Neck
      • Jugular veins
    • Trunk
      • Thorax (anterior): chest
      • Abdomen (posterior): teats
      • Pectoral limb: shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, elbow, cannon, digits
      • Pelvic limb: pelvic girdle, thigh, knee, leg, hock, cannon, digits
    • Tail
      • Perineum: anal & urogenital opening

    External Anatomy of Birds

    • Body Form and Skin

      • Well-developed head
      • Long, flexible neck
      • Short, plumper trunk
      • Tail reduced to a stump (uropygium)
      • Covered with feathers

    • Feathers

      • Flight feathers: large and stout; covers wings and tail
      • Coverts: smaller; covers base of wings, tail, and body
      • Filoplumes (hair feathers)

    • Feather follicle: deep pits where feathers are attached

    • Pterylae: paired areas with feathers

    • Apterylae: areas without feathers

    • Head

      • Beak
      • Cere
      • External nares
      • Eyes
      • Ears
      • Earlobes
      • Wattle
      • Comb

    • Trunk

      • Firm and flexible due to bone fusion at the back
      • Keel (breastbone)
      • Wing (anterior pair of limbs)
        • Upper arm (bigger)
        • Forearm (longer than upper arm)
        • Carpus & metacarpus fused
        • Only 3 digits
      • Hind limbs (tarsus, metatarsus; 4 digits)

    • Tail

      • Circle of flight feathers (rectrices)
      • Under the base: cloaca
      • In front of the base: uropygial gland (oil or preen gland)

    Body Cavities

    • Dorsal cavity: contains the brain and spinal cord
    • Ventral cavity: contains the visceral organs
      • Thoracic cavity: contains the heart and lungs
      • Abdomino pelvic cavity:
        • Abdominal: visceral organs - stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys
        • Pelvic: contains the rectum, urogenital system

    Skeletal System

    • Study of bones
    • Highly specialized supportive tissue characterized by its rigidity and hardness

    Functions of Bones

    • Provide mechanical support
    • Permit locomotion
    • Provide protection
    • Act as a metabolic reservoir of minerals

    Osteogenesis

    • The process of bone formation
    • Intramembranous ossification (membrane bones): bones develop in mesenchymal connective tissue
    • Endochondral ossification: bones develop from pre-existing cartilage
      • Examples: femur, humerus
      • Responsible for longitudinal bone growth

    Epiphyseal Plate/Line

    • Site of bone growth
    • Composed of different zones:
      • Zone of growth
      • Zone of cartilage transformation
      • Zone of ossification

    Classification of Bones by Appearance

    • Long bones: great dimension; functions as levers, for support, and locomotion
      • Examples: forelimb (humerus, radius, ulna…) and hind limb (femur, tibia… )
    • Short bones: cuboid, equal size; function: absorbs concussion
      • Examples: carpals, tarsals
    • Flat bones: thin and expanded, function: protects vital organs (brain, lungs…) and provides muscle attachment
    • Sesamoid bones: sesame seed shape, develop along tendons
      • Functions: reduce friction, change the course of tendons
      • Example: patella
    • Irregular bones: unpaired bones in the median plane (midline)
      • Functions: protection, support, and muscle attachment
      • Examples: vertebral column, some bones of the skull
    • Pneumatic bones: bones with air spaces/sinuses that communicate with the exterior
      • Examples: flying birds, maxillary and frontal bones

    ### Division of the Skeleton

    • Axial skeleton: includes all bones except those of the limbs or appendages
      • Composed of the skull, vertebrae, and ribs
    • Appendicular skeleton: made up of the bones of the pectoral and pelvic limbs

    Nervous System

    • Controls the body's activities
      • Muscular contraction
      • Secretions of endocrine glands
      • Heart rate
      • Respiration rate
      • Gastrointestinal motility
      • Rapid reflex action
    • Composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    • Contains the majority of the nervous system
    • Consists of the brain and spinal cord

    Brain

    • Lies in the cranial cavity
    • Cerebrum: largest part, separated in two halves by a deep groove
      • Associated with intelligence and more developed in higher animals
      • Right side of the cerebrum controls the left side of the body, and vice versa.
      • Connected to its underside is the pituitary gland
    • Cerebellum: much smaller than the cerebrum
      • Controls complicated movements
    • Mid-brain and Medulla Oblongata: lies below and behind the cerebellum
      • Controls the centers for respiration, heart regulation, controls blood supply, regulates heat, and controls the digestive system
      • 9 out of 12 important cranial nerves arise from the medulla

    Cranial Nerves

    1. Olfactory - to the nose (smell)
    2. Optic - to the eye (sight)
    3. Oculomotor - to the muscles of the eye
    4. Trochlear - to the muscles of the eye
    5. Trigeminal - to the skin of the face
    6. Abducent - to the muscles of the eye
    7. Facial - to the muscles of the face
    8. Auditory - to the ear (hearing)
    9. Glossopharyngeal - to the tongue (taste)
    10. Vagus - to the heart, larynx, lungs, and stomach
    11. Accessory spinal - to the muscles of the neck
    12. Hypoglossal - to the muscles of the tongue

    Spinal Cord

    • Continuation of the medulla oblongata down to the tail in the vertebral canal
    • Main trunk for communication with the brain

    Meninges

    • Cover the brain and the spinal cord
    • Membranes comprising the meninges:
      • Dura mater
      • Arachnoid
      • Pia mater

    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    • Resides or extends outside the limbs and organs
    • Not protected by bone, making it susceptible to toxins and mechanical injuries
    • Divided into:
    • Somatic NS: innervates striated or skeletal muscles; brings quick adjustments to environmental changes
    • Autonomic NS: innervates glands and visceral musculature

    Divisions of the Autonomic nervous system

    • Sympathetic NS: controls most internal organs, mobilizes the body's resources during stress
    • Parasympathetic NS: promotes maintenance of body at rest.

    Nerve Cells (Neurons)

    • Classified according to the direction of impulse conduction:
      • Afferent (sensory) neurons: from effector organs to the spinal cord/brain
      • Efferent (motor) neurons: from the spinal cord/brain to effector organs
      • Interneurons: from the afferent neuron within the CNS

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals Lecture Notes

    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of anatomy and physiology, including key definitions and types of anatomy such as gross, comparative, and systematic anatomy. It also covers the essential functions and importance of the body's organ systems and maintenance of homeostasis. Test your knowledge on the structure and function of the animal body with this comprehensive quiz!

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser