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Questions and Answers
What does the term 'hyponatremia' specifically indicate?
What does the term 'hyponatremia' specifically indicate?
- Deficiency of potassium in the blood
- Deficiency of sodium in the blood (correct)
- Normal sodium levels in the blood
- Excess sodium in the blood
What is the correct breakdown of the word 'gastroenterology'?
What is the correct breakdown of the word 'gastroenterology'?
- Stomach, small intestines, study of (correct)
- Stomach, heart, process of
- Small intestines, study of
- Heart, study of
What do combining vowels do in medical terminology?
What do combining vowels do in medical terminology?
- Join roots into a word (correct)
- Indicate the anatomical position
- Add a prefix to the term
- Modify the meaning of the root
Which of the following is an example of an acronym?
Which of the following is an example of an acronym?
What does the root word 'cardi' refer to?
What does the root word 'cardi' refer to?
Which part of 'hypo – natron – emia' indicates a deficiency?
Which part of 'hypo – natron – emia' indicates a deficiency?
What does the suffix '-logy' signify in medical terms?
What does the suffix '-logy' signify in medical terms?
In the anatomical terminology, what does the standard anatomical position refer to?
In the anatomical terminology, what does the standard anatomical position refer to?
What is the primary focus of anatomy?
What is the primary focus of anatomy?
Which method involves listening to sounds produced by the body to assess its function?
Which method involves listening to sounds produced by the body to assess its function?
What is homeostasis in relation to physiology?
What is homeostasis in relation to physiology?
Which subdiscipline of physiology studies the mechanisms of disease?
Which subdiscipline of physiology studies the mechanisms of disease?
What describes the term 'gross anatomy'?
What describes the term 'gross anatomy'?
In which hierarchy of biological organization do tissues belong?
In which hierarchy of biological organization do tissues belong?
Why is physiological variation among individuals significant?
Why is physiological variation among individuals significant?
What is the smallest unit of life in the hierarchy of complexity?
What is the smallest unit of life in the hierarchy of complexity?
What does comparative physiology study?
What does comparative physiology study?
Which of the following is an example of anatomical variation?
Which of the following is an example of anatomical variation?
What is the study of cells known as?
What is the study of cells known as?
Which level of hierarchy does an organism belong to?
Which level of hierarchy does an organism belong to?
What is a key reason modern anatomical terminology is based on Greek and Latin?
What is a key reason modern anatomical terminology is based on Greek and Latin?
What approach would likely replace exploratory surgery in modern medicine?
What approach would likely replace exploratory surgery in modern medicine?
What is the primary function of homeostasis?
What is the primary function of homeostasis?
Which term did Walter Cannon coin?
Which term did Walter Cannon coin?
What occurs during negative feedback when the body temperature is too high?
What occurs during negative feedback when the body temperature is too high?
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?
Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?
What is a potential danger of positive feedback mechanisms?
What is a potential danger of positive feedback mechanisms?
What is the term for the body’s ability to sense changes and reverse them?
What is the term for the body’s ability to sense changes and reverse them?
Why was the use of eponyms rejected in anatomical terminology?
Why was the use of eponyms rejected in anatomical terminology?
How is anatomical terminology primarily structured?
How is anatomical terminology primarily structured?
Which concept describes the adjustment mechanisms that help the body maintain equilibrium?
Which concept describes the adjustment mechanisms that help the body maintain equilibrium?
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology
- Anatomy refers to the study of structure, while physiology focuses on function. Both fields are interconnected and essential for understanding the human body.
Methods of Studying Anatomy
- Various examination methods include:
- Inspection: visual examination of external appearance.
- Palpation: physical examination through touch.
- Auscultation: listening to internal sounds.
- Percussion: tapping the body and listening for resonance.
- Dissection: systematic cutting of tissues, typically using cadavers.
- Comparative anatomy: studying anatomy across multiple species for insights into evolution.
- Exploratory surgery: opening the body to diagnose issues, largely replaced by imaging technologies.
- Radiology: focuses on the use of imaging in medicine.
Subdisciplines of Anatomy
- Gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the naked eye.
- Histology: microscopic examination of tissues.
- Histopathology: microscopic evaluation for disease detection.
- Cytology: study of cells at a microscopic level.
Subdisciplines of Physiology
- Neurophysiology: function of the nervous system.
- Endocrinology: function of hormones.
- Pathophysiology: study of disease mechanisms.
- Comparative physiology: examines functions across species to enhance drug development and medical understanding.
Hierarchy of Complexity
- Human organization spans several levels:
- Organism: a complete individual.
- Organ systems: groups of organs working together.
- Organs: tissues combined for specific functions.
- Tissues: similar cells performing a unified task.
- Cells: smallest unit of life, containing organelles.
- Organelles: structures within cells carrying out functions.
- Molecules: groups of atoms.
- Atoms: smallest unique identity particle.
Anatomical Variation
- Individual anatomical differences exist; even identical twins show unique variations.
- Common variations include absence of certain muscles, atypical vertebrae count, and variations in organ numbers (e.g., kidneys).
- Situs inversus: a condition where organ placement is mirrored.
Physiological Variation
- Physiological traits can vary due to factors like sex, age, diet, activity level, and genetics.
- Reference values include:
- Reference man: 22 years old, 154 lbs, 2,800 kcal/day.
- Reference woman: same age, 128 lbs, 2,000 kcal/day.
- Misjudging variations can lead to inappropriate treatments, such as overmedication.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis maintains stable internal conditions amid external changes.
- Notable figures: Claude Bernard (stable internal conditions study) and Walter Cannon (coined homeostasis).
- Negative feedback mechanisms counterbalance changes and stabilize conditions; failure can result in illness or death.
Feedback Mechanisms
-
Negative Feedback:
- Maintains equilibrium around a set point; a body change is detected and reversed.
- Example: body temperature regulation through vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
-
Positive Feedback:
- Self-amplifying cycle leading to greater change in the same direction.
- Utilized in rapid physiological changes like childbirth and blood clotting; can be hazardous if unchecked.
Anatomical Terminology
- Approximately 90% of medical terms derive from Greek and Latin roots, reflecting historical developments and standardization efforts.
- Terminologia Anatomica established international naming conventions in 1895.
- Medical terminology includes roots, prefixes, and suffixes to define terms, with examples displaying how terms convey specific meanings (e.g., "hyponatremia" for low sodium in blood).
Anatomical Position
- The standard anatomical position serves as a reference point, where the individual stands upright with feet parallel, arms at sides, and palms facing forward.
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