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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of studying anatomy?
What is the primary focus of studying anatomy?
Which of the following represents the correct order of organization in the body, from simplest to most complex?
Which of the following represents the correct order of organization in the body, from simplest to most complex?
What is the primary role of the skeletal system?
What is the primary role of the skeletal system?
What type of tissue connects bones to other bones?
What type of tissue connects bones to other bones?
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Which of the following correctly describes the path of deoxygenated blood as it leaves the heart?
Which of the following correctly describes the path of deoxygenated blood as it leaves the heart?
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Which of these is an example of homeostasis?
Which of these is an example of homeostasis?
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What is delivered by the cardiovascular system to the body's cells, and what waste is removed?
What is delivered by the cardiovascular system to the body's cells, and what waste is removed?
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What is a defining characteristic of veins?
What is a defining characteristic of veins?
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What primarily causes Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)?
What primarily causes Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)?
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Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for controlling movement and decision-making?
Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for controlling movement and decision-making?
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Which organ in the digestive system is responsible for the absorption of nutrients?
Which organ in the digestive system is responsible for the absorption of nutrients?
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What is the function of the pancreas in the digestive system?
What is the function of the pancreas in the digestive system?
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What role does the epiglottis serve during swallowing?
What role does the epiglottis serve during swallowing?
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How does peristalsis affect the digestive system?
How does peristalsis affect the digestive system?
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What is a primary function of the lymphatic system?
What is a primary function of the lymphatic system?
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Which structure can be compared to a lymphatic vessel?
Which structure can be compared to a lymphatic vessel?
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What is the primary cause of 'weeping legs'?
What is the primary cause of 'weeping legs'?
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Which accessory organ of the digestive system is responsible for detoxification?
Which accessory organ of the digestive system is responsible for detoxification?
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What is the main function of the epicardium?
What is the main function of the epicardium?
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Which of the following best describes the myocardium?
Which of the following best describes the myocardium?
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What occurs during pulmonary circulation?
What occurs during pulmonary circulation?
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What is the role of coronary arteries?
What is the role of coronary arteries?
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How does the epiglottis function during swallowing?
How does the epiglottis function during swallowing?
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What is the primary role of cilia in the respiratory system?
What is the primary role of cilia in the respiratory system?
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Which of the following represents the components of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
Which of the following represents the components of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
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What is a reflex?
What is a reflex?
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What can be a normal finding during a neurological examination?
What can be a normal finding during a neurological examination?
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What does the pericardium primarily provide to the heart?
What does the pericardium primarily provide to the heart?
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What is a common effect of a concussion?
What is a common effect of a concussion?
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Which option describes the role of capillaries in the respiratory system?
Which option describes the role of capillaries in the respiratory system?
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What is atherosclerosis?
What is atherosclerosis?
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology
- Anatomy studies the structure of organisms and their parts.
- Physiology studies how organisms and their parts function.
-
Organism Organization:
- Atoms
- Molecules
- Organelles
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ Systems
- Organism
- Cells: Basic building blocks of life, combinations of organelles.
- Homeostasis: Body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions, response to environmental changes (e.g., sweating, shivering).
Skeletal System
- Function: Support, movement, and protection of organs.
- Adult Bones: 206 bones
- Infant Bones: More bones that fuse together as the child grows.
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Bone Structure:
- Ligaments: Connect bone to bone
- Tendons: Connect bone to muscle
- Cartilage: Protects bones
- Bone Diseases: Various bone diseases exist. Treatment and prevention vary by condition.
Cardiovascular System
- Function: Circulates blood, delivering oxygen and removing waste.
- Heart Parts: Chambers (atria, ventricles), valves (tricuspid, mitral, aortic, pulmonary), arteries (aorta, pulmonary arteries), veins (superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary veins).
- Blood Flow: Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via vena cava, moves to the right atrium, ventricle, and pulmonary arteries to lungs for oxygenation, oxygenated blood is returned to the left atrium, ventricle, and aorta to the body.
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Heart Layers:
- Epicardium: Outer, protective layer.
- Myocardium: Middle, muscular layer responsible for contraction.
- Endocardium: Inner lining of chambers and valves.
- Pericardium: Outer membrane encasing the heart.
- Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium.
- Coronary Circulation: Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart; cardiac veins remove deoxygenated blood.
- Atherosclerosis: Hardening and thickening of artery walls.
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Pulmonary vs. Systemic Circulation:
- Pulmonary: Lungs, oxygenation
- Systemic: Body, distribution of oxygenated blood and removal of waste.
Respiratory System
- Function: Ventilation (airflow), gas exchange (O2/CO2), and protection (mucus, cilia).
-
Respiratory System Parts:
- Nose (nostrils)
- Nasal cavity (cilia, mucus)
- Pharynx: Directs air to trachea
- Larynx (voice box): Vocal cords, epiglottis (prevents food from entering airway)
- Trachea (windpipe): Cartilage rings, cilia - keeps its shape
- Bronchi, Bronchioles: Divide to supply air throughout lungs
- Lungs, Alveoli: Gas exchange occurs
- Epiglottis: Flap of cartilage that covers the trachea during swallowing.
- Cilia: Hair-like structures that trap and remove foreign particles.
- Capillaries: Facilitate gas exchange between blood and air in the lungs.
Nervous System
- Function: Controls and coordinates body functions, processes information, enables movement, and thought.
- Neuron: A nerve cell.
- Reflex: Automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus.
-
Motor vs. Sensory Neurons:
- Motor: Carry signals from CNS to muscles/glands.
- Sensory: Carry signals from sensory organs to CNS.
- CNS (Central Nervous System): Brain and spinal cord, surrounded by protective bone and fluid (cerebrospinal fluid).
- PNS (Peripheral Nervous System): Cranial and spinal nerves.
-
Brain Damage Assessment:
- Normal Findings: Clear speech, memory, coordination, reflexes.
- Abnormal Findings: Confusion, memory loss, weakness, coordination problems and abnormal reflexes.
- Neurological Examination: Assessing mental state, reflexes, sensation, coordination.
- Imaging Studies (CT/MRI) & EEG: Detect abnormalities in the brain.
- Concussion: Mild traumatic brain injury.
- Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE): Progressive degenerative brain disease related to repeated head injuries (often in athletes).
Digestive System
- Function: Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination of nutrients.
- Pathway: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.
- Digestion Location: Primarily in the small intestine.
- Absorption Location: Primarily in the small intestine (villi and microvilli).
- Peristalsis: Muscle movements that move food through the digestive tract.
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Accessory Organs:
- Pancreas: Creates insulin and other digestive enzymes.
- Liver: Filters toxins.
- Gallbladder: Stores bile.
Lymphatic System
- Function: Drains excess fluid, fights infection.
- Lymphatic Vessels: Open-ended vessels that absorb fluid and potentially disease causing bacteria.
- Swollen Glands/Ankles: Potential signs of inflammation or illness.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of anatomy and physiology, including the organization of organisms, the skeletal system, and the cardiovascular system. Understand the structure and function of different body parts, as well as the importance of homeostasis in maintaining health.
