Anatomy and Physiology Overview

Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for cells in the body.

Proteins are crucial for constructing cell structures.

Fats serve as a storage of energy-rich fuel for the body.

Cells need oxygen for energy-releasing chemical reactions.

Calcium strengthens bones and is necessary for blood clotting.

Water makes up a significant portion of the body and is crucial for chemical reactions.

The boundary between tissue cells and blood vessels is crucial for nutrient and waste exchange.

Nutrients/wastes exchange across a boundary between tissue cells and blood.

The part of the body that carries out the response to a stimulus, like a muscle contracting or a gland secreting hormones.

A control mechanism where the output of a process reduces or shuts off the stimulus that initiated the process.

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

The part of the body that receives information, processes it, and sends out instructions.

A specialized cell or structure that detects changes in the internal or external environment.

Processes involving at least three components (receptor, control center, and effector) working together to regulate a variable.

The level (or range of levels) at which a variable is to be maintained.

The factor or event being regulated.

The pathway of information traveling towards the control center.

The pathway of information traveling away from the control center.

The central axis of the body, including the head, neck, and trunk.

The limbs (arms and legs) attached to the axial part.

Words used to describe the location of body structures in relation to each other.

Away from the midline of the body.

Toward the head or upper part of the body.

Away from the head or lower part of the body.

Imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body for anatomical study.

Divides the body vertically into left and right sections.

A cut made horizontally across the body, dividing it into superior and inferior parts.

A cut made along the vertical plane, dividing the body into right and left parts.

A specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline, dividing the body into equal right and left halves.

Any sagittal plane that is offset from the midline, creating an unequal division of right and left.

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

Another name for the frontal plane.

A cut made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes.

The cavity within the skull that encases and protects the brain.

The larger, anterior body cavity containing the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. It houses internal organs called viscera.

The superior subdivision of the ventral body cavity, surrounded by the ribs and chest muscles. It houses organs like your lungs and heart.

The inferior subdivision of the ventral body cavity, containing the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

The superior part of the abdominopelvic cavity, containing organs like the stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver.

The inferior part of the abdominopelvic cavity, located within the bony pelvis. It contains organs like the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.

Internal organs located within body cavities.

Each body cavity is uniquely suited to house specific organs. They help protect and support these organs, allowing them to function properly.

Problems can arise when structures move into neighboring cavities. An example is a hiatal hernia, where part of the stomach enters the thoracic cavity, potentially leading to heartburn.