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Questions and Answers
Which of the following correctly defines homeostasis?
What is the role of the effector in a feedback mechanism?
Which of the following organ systems is primarily responsible for hormone production?
What describes a negative feedback mechanism?
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In the anatomical position, which of the following is true?
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Which organ system primarily protects the body against pathogens?
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Which component of the serosae is closest to the organs?
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Which directional term describes a position closer to the midline of the body?
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Which type of lipid plays a crucial role in forming the structure of the lipid bilayer?
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What is a primary function of peripheral proteins in the plasma membrane?
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Which of the following processes describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
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In which solutions do cells typically remain unchanged in size and shape?
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What characterizes the sodium-potassium pump in terms of its function?
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Which type of membrane junction is responsible for preventing the passage of substances between cells?
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What describes the main role of channel proteins in the plasma membrane?
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Which process involves the cell membrane engulfing material to form a vesicle?
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology Overview
- Anatomy: Study of body structure and relationships between parts; includes subdisciplines like gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy.
- Physiology: Study of body functions; includes areas like cellular physiology and systemic physiology.
Structural Hierarchy
- Ranges from cell (least complex) to organs, tissues, organ systems (most complex).
- Tissues: Groups of similar cells performing specific functions.
- Organs: Structures composed of two or more types of tissues.
- Organ Systems: Groups of organs that work together for a common purpose.
Organ Systems
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11 Organ Systems:
- Integumentary (skin, hair)
- Skeletal (bones, joints)
- Muscular (muscles)
- Nervous (brain, spinal cord)
- Endocrine (glands)
- Cardiovascular (heart, blood vessels)
- Lymphatic (lymph nodes, vessels)
- Respiratory (lungs)
- Digestive (stomach, intestines)
- Urinary (kidneys, bladder)
- Reproductive (ovaries, testes)
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis: The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.
- Components of feedback mechanism:
- Receptor: Detects changes.
- Control Center: Processes information and determines response.
- Effector: Carries out the response.
Feedback Mechanisms
- Negative Feedback: Reduces the effect of a stimulus (e.g., temperature regulation).
- Positive Feedback: Enhances the response (e.g., childbirth contractions).
- Negative feedback primarily maintains homeostasis.
Anatomical Position and Terminology
- Anatomical Position: Standing upright, feet together, arms at sides, palms facing forward.
- Regional Terms: Specific terms for different regions of the body, aiding in clear communication.
Directional Terms
- Terms describe the positions of structures relative to each other (e.g., superior, inferior, medial, lateral).
Body Planes
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Planes: Sections dividing the body:
- Sagittal (left/right)
- Frontal (anterior/posterior)
- Transverse (superior/inferior)
Body Cavities
- Dorsal Cavity: Includes cranial and spinal cavities, housing the brain and spinal cord.
- Ventral Cavity: Divided into thoracic (contains pleural, pericardial cavities) and abdominopelvic cavities (contains abdominal and pelvic organs).
Serosae and Fluid
- Serosae: Double-layered membranes around organs (e.g., pleura, peritoneum, pericardium).
- Visceral vs. Parietal: Visceral covers organs; parietal lines the cavity wall with a potential space in between.
- Serous Fluid: Lubricates cavity surfaces (e.g., pleural fluid).
Plasma Membrane Structure
- Lipid Bilayer: Composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids.
- Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails arranged to form the bilayer.
Membrane Proteins
- Integral Proteins: Span the membrane, include channel and carrier proteins.
- Peripheral Proteins: Loosely attached to the membrane, functioning in signaling and structural support.
Glycocalyx
- A fuzzy-appearing coating on the cell surface, involved in protection and recognition.
Microvilli
- Microscopic projections increasing surface area, commonly found on epithelial surfaces for absorption.
Membrane Junctions
- Types: Tight junctions (prevent leakage), desmosomes (anchor cells), gap junctions (allow communication).
Transport Processes
-
Passive Processes: Do not require energy.
- Types: Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion (channel-mediated and carrier-mediated), osmosis, filtration.
- Active Processes: Require energy (ATP), includes active transport mechanisms.
Osmosis
- Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane, characterized by concentration gradients.
Tonicity of Solutions
- Isotonic: Equal concentration; no net movement of water.
- Hypertonic: Higher concentration; cells lose water.
- Hypotonic: Lower concentration; cells gain water.
Active Transport
- Moves substances against their concentration gradient using energy.
- Sodium-Potassium Pump: Pumps Na+ out and K+ in, crucial for maintaining resting membrane potential.
Vesicular Transport
- Types: Exocytosis (out of cell), endocytosis (into cell) including phagocytosis (large particles), pinocytosis (liquids), and receptor-mediated endocytosis (specific molecules).
Resting Membrane Potential
- The electrical charge difference across the membrane at rest, generated by ion distribution and maintained by active transport mechanisms.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of anatomy and physiology, including the structural hierarchy from cells to organ systems. It details the various organ systems and their functions in the body. Test your knowledge of how each part works together to maintain health and homeostasis.
