Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System
40 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of tracheostomy?

  • To visualize the bronchial tree
  • To treat asthma attacks
  • To re-establish airflow past an airway obstruction (correct)
  • To remove a foreign object from the trachea

    • What is the function of the tertiary bronchi?

  • Supplying each bronchopulmonary segment (correct)
  • Supplying each lobe of the lungs
  • Forming the bronchial tree
  • Supplying each lung

    • What is the epithelial lining of the bronchial tree in the deeper parts of the lungs?

  • Non-ciliated simple cuboidal (correct)
  • Stratified squamous
  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
  • Transitional epithelium

    • What is the primary function of the tubes in the respiratory system?

    <p>To transport air into the alveoli for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of epinephrine on the smooth muscle in the bronchioles?

    <p>It relaxes the smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the narrow superior tip of the lung?

    <p>Apex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are infections typically located in the lower respiratory tract?

    <p>Below the vocal cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pleural cavity?

    <p>To contain a lubricating fluid that reduces friction between the lungs and the thoracic wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat?

    <p>Otorhinolaryngology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the segments of lung tissue supplied by the tertiary bronchi?

    <p>Bronchopulmonary segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a part of the lower respiratory tract?

    <p>Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lobes does the right lung have?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the indentation in the lung that contains the pulmonary and systemic blood vessels?

    <p>Hilus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

    <p>To exchange gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of nebulization therapy?

    <p>To relax the smooth muscle in the bronchioles and reduce the thickness of mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and lung alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the muscle sheet located between the thoracic and abdominal cavities that plays a crucial role in breathing?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body?

    <p>Atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to intrapulmonary pressure during the phases of breathing?

    <p>It always eventually equalizes itself with atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between intrapleural pressure and intrapulmonary pressure?

    <p>Intrapleural pressure is always less than intrapulmonary pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the law that states that the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure?

    <p>Boyle's law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism that drives the flow of gases during breathing?

    <p>Volume changes leading to pressure changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of exchanging gases between the bloodstream and tissue cells in systemic capillaries?

    <p>Internal respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for normal quiet breathing?

    <p>Eupnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of breathing involves the descent of the diaphragm, causing the stomach to bulge during inspiration?

    <p>Diaphragmatic breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle?

    <p>Tidal Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of coughing?

    <p>To clear respiratory passages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the maximum volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from the lungs following a maximal inspiration?

    <p>Vital Capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amount of air that stays trapped in the alveoli?

    <p>Residual Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration?

    <p>Total Lung Capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the device used to measure air volumes exchanged during breathing and rate of ventilation?

    <p>Respirometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of injuries to the chest wall that let air enter the intrapleural space?

    <p>The lung on the same side as the injury collapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is compliance of the lungs?

    <p>The measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main factors that determines lung compliance?

    <p>The surface tension of the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can reduce lung compliance?

    <p>Blockage of the smaller respiratory passages with mucus or fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of emphysema on lung compliance?

    <p>Lungs become more compliant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of pulmonary fibrosis on lung compliance?

    <p>Lungs become less compliant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of kyphoscoliosis on chest wall compliance?

    <p>Chest wall becomes less compliant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of pregnancy on chest wall compliance?

    <p>Chest wall becomes functionally less compliant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Respiratory System

    • Consists of tubes that filter incoming air and transport it into the microscopic alveoli where gases are exchanged.
    • Includes:
      • Nose
      • Pharynx (throat)
      • Larynx (voicebox)
      • Trachea (windpipe)
      • Bronchi (airways)
      • Lungs

    Organs of the Respiratory System

    • Divided into two groups:
      • Upper respiratory tract (nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx)
      • Lower respiratory tract (larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs)
    • Locations of infections:
      • Upper respiratory tract: above vocal cords
      • Lower respiratory tract: below vocal cords

    Tracheostomy and Intubation

    • Re-establishing airflow past an airway obstruction:
      • Crushing injury to larynx or chest
      • Swelling that closes airway
      • Vomit or foreign object
    • Tracheostomy: incision in trachea below cricoid cartilage if larynx is obstructed
    • Intubation: passing a tube from mouth or nose through larynx and trachea

    Bronchi and Bronchioles

    • Primary bronchi: supply each lung
    • Secondary bronchi: supply each lobe of the lungs (3 right + 2 left)
    • Tertiary bronchi: supply each bronchopulmonary segment
    • Repeated branchings form a bronchial tree

    Histology of Bronchial Tree

    • Epithelium changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to non-ciliated simple cuboidal as pass deeper into lungs
    • Incomplete rings of cartilage replaced by rings of smooth muscle and then connective tissue
    • Sympathetic nervous system and adrenal gland release epinephrine that relaxes smooth muscle and dilates airways
    • Asthma attack or allergic reactions constrict distal bronchiole smooth muscle

    Lungs: Gross Anatomy

    • Lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the mediastinum
    • Root: site of vascular and bronchial attachments
    • Costal surface: anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces in contact with the ribs
    • Apex: narrow superior tip
    • Base: inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm
    • Hilus: indentation that contains pulmonary and systemic blood vessels

    Gross Anatomy of Lungs

    • Cardiac notch: cavity that accommodates the heart
    • Left lung: separated into upper and lower lobes by the oblique fissure
    • Right lung: separated into three lobes by the oblique and horizontal fissures
    • Each lung has 10 bronchopulmonary segments

    Pleurae

    • Thin, double-layered serosa
    • Parietal pleura: covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm
    • Visceral, or pulmonary, pleura: covers the external lung surface and divides the thoracic cavity into three chambers

    Pleural Membranes and Pleural Cavity

    • Visceral pleura covers lungs; parietal pleura lines ribcage and covers upper surface of diaphragm
    • Pleural cavity: potential space between ribs and lungs contains a lubricating fluid

    Mechanics of Breathing

    • Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): process by which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and lung alveoli
    • Consists of two phases:
      • Inspiration: air flows into the lungs
      • Expiration: gases exit the lungs
    • Breathing is an active process requiring the contraction of skeletal muscles
    • Primary muscles of respiration:
      • External intercostal muscles (located between the ribs)
      • Diaphragm (a sheet of muscle located between the thoracic and abdominal cavities)

    Pressure Relationships in the Thoracic Cavity

    • Respiratory pressure is always described relative to atmospheric pressure
    • Atmospheric pressure (Patm): pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body
    • Intrapulmonary pressure (Palv): pressure within the alveoli
    • Intrapleural pressure (Pip): pressure within the pleural cavity
    • Intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure fluctuate with the phases of breathing

    Pulmonary Ventilation

    • A mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity
    • Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize pressure

    Inspiration

    • The movement of air into and out of the lungs depends on pressure changes governed in part by Boyle's law
    • Pleural cavities are sealed cavities not open to the outside

    Compliance of the Lungs

    • Ease with which lungs and chest wall expand
    • Determined by two main factors:
      • Distensibility (elasticity) of the lung tissue and surrounding thoracic cage
      • Surface tension of the alveoli

    Factors That Diminish Lung Compliance

    • Scar tissue or fibrosis that reduces the natural resilience of the lungs
    • Blockage of the smaller respiratory passages with mucus or fluid
    • Reduced production of surfactant
    • Decreased flexibility of the thoracic cage or its decreased ability to expand

    Compliance Changes in Disease

    • Lungs become somewhat more compliant with natural aging and become markedly more compliant with emphysema
    • Lungs become less compliant (stiffer) with pulmonary fibrosis or during edema caused by rheumatic heart disease
    • Chest wall becomes less compliant (stiffer) in conditions where the chest wall is deformed (e.g. kyphoscoliosis)

    Breathing Patterns

    • Eupnea: normal quiet breathing
    • Apnea: temporary cessation of breathing
    • Dyspnea: difficult or labored breathing
    • Tachypnea: rapid breathing
    • Diaphragmatic breathing: descent of diaphragm causes stomach to bulge during inspiration
    • Costal breathing: just rib activity involved

    Modified Respiratory Movements (MRM)

    • Coughing: deep inspiration, closure of rima glottidis, and strong expiration blasts air out to clear respiratory passages
    • Hiccupping: spasmodic contraction of diaphragm and quick closure of rima glottidis produce sharp inspiratory sound

    Lung Volume and Capacities

    • Air volumes exchanged during breathing and rate of ventilation are measured with a spirometer, or respirometer, and the record is called a spirogram
    • One inspiration followed by expiration is called a respiratory cycle
    • Tidal Volume (TV): amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle (Normal: about 500 ml)
    • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled over and above normal (approx. 2100-3200 ml)
    • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): additional amount of air forcibly expired after tidal expiration (1000-1200 ml)
    • Residual Volume (RV): amount of air that stays trapped in the alveoli (about 1.2 liters)
    • Total Lung Capacity (TLC): volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration (approximately 6000 ml in males)
    • Vital Capacity (VC): maximum volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from the lungs following a maximal inspiration

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Respiratory System PDF

    Description

    Learn about the respiratory system, its components, and the process of gas exchange in the alveoli. This quiz covers the basics of the respiratory system, including the nose, pharynx, and lungs.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser