LESSON 22 multiple respiratory

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

To filter and retain harmful microorganisms

To produce heat for the body

To exchange gases between the body and the environment (correct)

To form mucosa in the nasal cavity

Which of the following is NOT part of the conductive airways in the respiratory system?

Trachea

Alveoli (correct)

Nasopharynx

Bronchioles

What are the three regions of the nasal cavity?

Nasal vestibule, bronchial region, respiratory region

Tracheal region, bronchial region, alveolar region

Olfactory region, pharyngeal region, laryngeal region

Nasal vestibule, respiratory region, olfactory region (correct)

What is the composition of the conductive airways?

Nasal cavity, bronchioles, alveolar ducts (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of type I pneumocytes?

Diffusing respiratory gases (A) Signup and view all the answers

Where are Club cells mainly found in the respiratory system?

In the bronchioles (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium is predominantly found in the bronchioles?

Simple cuboidal epithelium (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of type II pneumocytes?

Producing lung surfactant (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells primarily rest on type I pneumocytes and engulf particles of inspired air and toxins?

Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which component primarily decreases as cartilaginous sheets are formed in the respiratory system?

Smooth muscle fibers (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where is the mucosa lined by a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with Club or Clara cells and neuroendocrine cells?

Primary intrapulmonary bronchi (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is evident in pigs and forms bronchi associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in the respiratory system?

Adventitia (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is made up of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and respiratory alveoli?

Pulmonary lobule (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the interalveolar septum?

Highly vascularized thin connective tissue called the interstitium (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of submucosa in the respiratory system?

Tubuloacinar glands and smooth muscle fibers (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system has a muscularis mucosae of smooth muscle fibers?

Primary intrapulmonary bronchi (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) in some species?

To remove toxins from the bloodstream that reach the lung (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the alveolar pores in the interalveolar septum?

To allow the passage of respiratory gases between alveoli (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which components make up the alveolar-capillary or haemato-air barrier?

Lung surfactant, type I pneumocyte cytoplasm, and septal capillary basement membrane (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most efficient point for oxygen exchange in the alveolocapillary barrier?

Basement membranes of the alveolus and the septal capillary fused (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the pleura, a serous membrane in the avian respiratory system?

Loose connective tissue, mesothelium, and widely irrigated and innervated lining (B) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the avian larynx from that of mammals?

Absence of vocal folds for sound production (A) Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the tracheal cartilage in birds differ from that in mammals?

Tracheal cartilage forms complete rings in birds (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where does vocalization occur in the avian respiratory system?

In the tracheobronchial junction where numerous membranes vibrate during sound production (A) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the lining of the mesobronchium in birds?

Simple non-ciliated cuboidal epithelium with goblet cells and spiral bands of smooth muscle in their lamina propria (C) Signup and view all the answers

What lines the air capillaries where gas exchange occurs in the avian lung?

Simple squamous epithelium similar to that of mammals (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium lines the rostral region of the nasal vestibule?

Pigmented keratinized squamous epithelium (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are found in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

Basal cells, olfactory neurosensitive cells, supportive cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are responsible for metabolizing toxic substances in the nasal cavity?

Club cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of serous glands in the lamina propria of the nasal cavity?

Produce lysozyme and enzymes to metabolize fat-soluble toxins (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium lines the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons form the olfactory nerve in the nasal cavity?

Bipolar neurons with a dendritic bulb (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is considered a sensory receptor in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

Brush cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The nasal vestibule is lined by different types of epithelium: pigmented keratinized squamous epithelium in rostral region, non-keratinized squamous epithelium in middle part, and pseudostratified non-ciliated columnar epithelium in caudal regions.
The respiratory region of the nasal cavity is lined by a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Five types of epithelial cells are identified: basal cells, ciliated epithelial cells, secretory cells (serous and mucous), brush cells, and non-ciliated cells.
Basal cells are located at the base of the epithelium and can divide and differentiate into other epithelial cells. They have hemidesmosomes attached to the basement membrane.
Ciliated epithelial cells are columnar cells with multiple cilia and microvilli. They have a nucleus in the basal portion and a supranuclear Golgi complex.
Secretory cells produce and secrete specific substances. Serous cells contain neutral glycoproteins, while mucous cells synthesize and accumulate mucinogen. Brush cells have synapses with nerve cells and are considered sensory receptors. Non-ciliated cells metabolize toxic substances.
The lamina propria is a loose vascularized connective tissue with serous glands. In the caudal regions, there is a cavernous stratum with numerous tortuous venous sinuses. Tubulo-acinar seromucous glands produce lysozyme and enzymes to metabolize fat-soluble toxins.
The olfactory region is lined by a pigmented olfactory epithelium. It occupies the ethmoturbinates and the caudodorsal area of the nasal cavity and septum. Three cell populations exist: basal cells, olfactory neurosensitive cells, and supportive cells.
Olfactory neurosensitive cells are bipolar neurons with a dendritic bulb containing cilia and vesicles. Axons cross the lamina propria as unmyelinated nerve fibers and form the olfactory nerve.
Supportive cells are columnar cells with microvilli, a vesicular nucleus, and a well-developed Golgi complex. They have electron-dense pigment-containing granules.
The olfactory mucosa is made up of loose connective tissue with numerous tubuloacinar seromucous glands (Bowman’s glands). The lamina propria eliminates odorous substances from the cilia of neurosensitive cells.
The trachea is a tubular organ that connects the larynx and bronchi. It is made up of a mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, and muscularis (smooth muscle) or adventitia (depending on location).
The mucosa is lined by a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, with added club cells and neuroendocrine cells. Club cells are secretory cells that metabolize toxic substances, while neuroendocrine cells are pyramidal-shaped cells that release hormones.
The submucosa and the lamina propria are made up of vascularized connective tissue with many elastic fibers and abundant tubuloacinar seromucosal glands.
The trachea has incomplete cartilages made up of hyaline cartilage. The shape is like the letter “U” or “C”, except in birds.

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Test your knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system with this quiz. Explore topics such as the structure of the trachea, bronchial tree, and associated muscle fibers.