Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart
47 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What occurs during systole in the cardiac cycle?

  • Ventricles contract (correct)
  • Atria contract
  • Ventricles relax
  • Aortic and pulmonary valves close

    • Which valves are responsible for closing during the S1 heart sound?

  • Pulmonic and tricuspid valves
  • Tricuspid and mitral valves (correct)
  • Aortic and mitral valves
  • Aortic and pulmonic valves

    • What type of heart murmur occurs with stenotic lesions?

  • Systolic murmur (correct)
  • Continuous murmur
  • Diastolic murmur
  • Adventitious murmur

    • What does the intensity of a heart murmur correlate with?

    <p>Disease severity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of regurgitation in heart valves?

    <p>Valves not closing properly during systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the tricuspid and mitral valves open?

    <p>Early diastole phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which murmur grade is characterized as being very faint and may not be heard in all positions?

    <p>Grade 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart sound is associated with the closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves?

    <p>S2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which shape of murmur is characterized by an increase in intensity followed by a decrease?

    <p>Decrescendo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dynamic auscultation maneuver is most likely to decrease the intensity of left-sided murmurs?

    <p>Valsalva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of stenosis when valves should be open?

    <p>Pressure overload in the chamber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes diastole?

    <p>Atria contract and ventricles fill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where might the radiation of a heart murmur typically be felt?

    <p>Into the axilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does expiration generally have on left-sided murmurs?

    <p>Increases their intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specifically causes the sound S1 in the heart?

    <p>Closure of atrioventricular valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic does not apply to heart murmurs?

    <p>Color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the aortic area located for auscultation?

    <p>2nd ICS at right sternal border</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which grade of murmur can be heard when the stethoscope is partly off the chest?

    <p>Grade 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle does S2 occur?

    <p>Beginning of diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological event leads to the splitting of S2 during inspiration?

    <p>Increase in venous return</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heart murmurs are primarily caused by which condition?

    <p>Increased turbulence of blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does regurgitation in valvular disease refer to?

    <p>Failure to close completely allowing backflow of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which area is the splitting of S2 best heard?

    <p>Pulmonic area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathological process can affect the splitting of S2?

    <p>Various conditions affecting valve closure timing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which maneuver worsens mitral valve prolapse and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Valsalva/standing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does rapid squatting have on mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Improves the condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharmacologic maneuver affects only left-sided murmurs?

    <p>Hand grip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of murmur is almost always pathological?

    <p>Systolic murmurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does hand grip have on aortic stenosis?

    <p>Improves the murmur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following murmurs is a diastolic murmur?

    <p>Aortic regurgitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which maneuver decreases left ventricular preload?

    <p>Valsalva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of rapid leg raise on heart murmurs?

    <p>Worsens most murmurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of murmur worsens with passive leg raising?

    <p>Holosystolic murmur best heard at the apex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which murmur best describes aortic stenosis during auscultation?

    <p>Crescendo-decrescendo murmur best heard at the right 2nd ICS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical finding associated with mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Increased intensity with handgrip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of murmur is associated with mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Late systolic murmur with a midsystolic click</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does standing or performing Valsalva maneuver affect murmurs?

    <p>Decreases preload, improving most murmurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which finding is associated with aortic regurgitation?

    <p>Early diastolic decrescendo murmur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the quality of a murmur caused by tricuspid regurgitation?

    <p>Blowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart sound characterizes mitral stenosis?

    <p>Decrescendo following an opening snap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With which maneuver does the intensity of pulmonic stenosis murmurs increase?

    <p>Inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which murmur increases with expiration?

    <p>Tricuspid stenosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of murmur can be described as continuous and machine-like?

    <p>Patent ductus arteriosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pitch of the murmur typically associated with tricuspid stenosis?

    <p>Low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heart murmur is increased with squatting?

    <p>Mitral valve prolapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical condition is associated with pulmonary hypertension?

    <p>Pulmonic regurgitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which murmur is worsened by maneuvers that increase preload?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomy of the Heart

    • The angle of Louis is at rib 2.
    • The aortic area is at the 2nd ICS at the right sternal border.
    • The pulmonic area is at the 2nd ICS at the left sternal border.
    • The tricuspid area is at the 4th ICS at the left sternal border.
    • The mitral area is at the 5th ICS at the midclavicular line.

    Cardiac Cycle

    • Systole is ventricular contraction, the aortic and pulmonic valves open, the tricuspid and mitral valves close.
    • Diastole is ventricular relaxation, the atria contract and ventricles fill, the tricuspid and mitral valves open, the aortic and pulmonic valves close.

    Normal Heart Sounds

    • S1 (LUB) occurs at the beginning of systole and is caused by the closure of the atrioventricular valves.
    • S2 (DUB) occurs at the beginning of diastole and is caused by the closure of the semilunar valves.
    • S1 is louder at the apex of the heart.
    • S2 is louder at the base of the heart.

    Physiologic Splitting of S2

    • S2 normally splits during inspiration.
    • This is because the decrease in intrathoracic pressure increases venous return, which increases blood volume in the right ventricle, causing the pulmonic valve to stay open longer.
    • A2 is heard before P2.
    • Splitting of S2 is best heard in the pulmonic area.

    Pathologic Splitting of S2

    • P2 normally closes slightly after A2 during inspiration.
    • Various pathologic processes can affect the timing or sequence of valve closure.

    Heart Murmurs

    • A heart murmur is an audible vibrations caused by increased turbulence of blood flow in the heart.
    • Causes: Valvular disease, regurgitation (backflow of blood), stenosis (obstruction of forward blood flow).

    Characteristics of Murmurs

    • Timing: Systolic or diastolic.
    • Shape: Crescendo, decrescendo, plateau.
    • Location: 2nd, 4th or 5th ICS.
    • Radiation: Axilla, carotids.
    • Intensity: Grade I-VI.
    • Quality: Blowing, harsh, rumbling, musical.
    • Pitch: Low, medium, high.

    Murmur Intensity

    • Murmur intensity does not correlate with disease severity.

    Dynamic Auscultation Maneuvers

    • Respiration: Inspiration worsens right-sided murmurs, expiration worsens left-sided murmurs.
    • Valsalva/Standing: Decrease in left ventricular preload, decrease in left ventricular afterload, decrease in right ventricular preload.
    • Rapid Squatting/Leg Raise: Increase in left ventricular preload and right ventricular preload, no effect on afterload.
    • Hand grip: Increase in left ventricular afterload.

    Systolic Murmurs

    • Aortic Stenosis: crescendo-decrescendo murmur heard at the right 2nd ICS, radiates to the carotids.
    • Pulmonic Stenosis: crescendo-decrescendo murmur heard at the left 2nd ICS, radiates to the left shoulder and neck.
    • Mitral Regurgitation: holosystolic murmur heard at the apex, radiates to the left axilla.
    • Mitral Valve Prolapse: Late crescendo murmur preceded by a midsystolic click heard at the apex.
    • Tricuspid Regurgitation: holosystolic murmur heard at the left lower sternal border, radiates to the right of the sternum.

    Diastolic Murmurs

    • Aortic Regurgitation: Early decrescendo murmur heard at the left midsternal border, radiates to the apex.
    • Pulmonic Regurgitation: Early decrescendo murmur heard at the left 2nd ICS, radiates along the left sternal border.
    • Mitral Stenosis: Decrescendo murmur following an opening snap heard at the apex.
    • Tricuspid Stenosis: Decrescendo murmur following an opening snap heard at the left lower sternal border.

    Rules to Remember

    • Inspiration worsens right-sided murmurs.
    • Hand grip worsens left-sided regurgitations.
    • Rapid squatting and leg raise increase preload.
    • Standing and Valsalva decrease preload.
    • Maneuvers that decrease preload improve most murmurs.
    • Maneuvers that increase preload worsen most murmurs (exceptions: MVP and HOCM).

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Valvular Heart Disease: Clinical Findings & Diagnosis PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomy of the heart, including the location of cardiac auscultation areas and the cardiac cycle phases. It also discusses normal heart sounds and their characteristics, providing essential knowledge for understanding cardiovascular physiology.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser