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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living things?
Anatomy and physiology are unrelated fields of study.
False
What are the two main branches of biology that study living organisms?
Anatomy and Physiology
The study of the body's structures is called _____ and the study of its functions is called _____.
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Match the organ systems with their major organs:
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Which organ system is responsible for gas exchange in the body?
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All organ systems in the human body are independent and do not rely on each other.
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Name one function of the lymphatic/immune system.
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What is the main function of the urinary system?
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Positive feedback loops are the most common way the human body responds to changes.
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What term describes the dynamic upkeep of a set of internal conditions within set parameters?
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Blood _____ is the fluid component of blood in blood vessels.
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Which of the following is true regarding disorders and diseases?
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Match the following anatomical positions with their descriptions:
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The midline is an imaginary line that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
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A receptor detects changes in the body and signals the control center, which in turn coordinates a response using an _____ to carry out the response.
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Which plane separates the superior from the inferior part of the body?
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What are the changes in body functions that can be measured and observed called?
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What muscle separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
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The peritoneum only surrounds the abdominal cavity and does not extend to the pelvic cavity.
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Name the two main body cavities.
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The ________ cavity is formed by cranial bones and contains the brain.
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Match the following organs with their corresponding cavities:
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Which term refers to the protective layer that surrounds the organs?
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The thoracic cavity includes the lungs and the mediastinum.
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The ________ region is located at the center of the abdominopelvic cavity.
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What type of feedback loop is primarily involved in maintaining homeostasis?
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Which organs are included in the peritoneal viscera?
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Study Notes
Characteristics of Living Things
- Living things metabolize complex chemical substances.
- Living things respond to stimuli.
- Living things move.
- Living things grow and develop.
- Living things reproduce.
Anatomy and Physiology
- Anatomy is the study of structures and their relationships.
- Physiology is the study of function.
- There are six levels of structural organization in the human body: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organismal.
- Anatomy and physiology are interconnected: structures are specialized for particular functions.
- An organ system is a group of organs with related functions.
- Organ systems are interdependent.
Human Organ Systems
- The human body has 11 organ systems.
- The integumentary system covers and protects the body (skin, nails, hair).
- The skeletal system protects and supports the body (bones, joints, cartilage).
- The muscular system moves and heats the body (skeletal muscles).
- The nervous system senses signals and coordinates electrical responses (brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs).
- The endocrine system senses signals and coordinates chemical responses (cells and glands that secrete hormones).
- The cardiovascular system transports blood, nutrients, and gases throughout the body (heart, blood, blood vessels).
- The lymphatic/immune system defends the body from invaders (lymph nodes, thoracic duct, red bone marrow, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils).
- The respiratory system exchanges gases between the body and the environment and disposes of carbon dioxide waste (pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs, diaphragm).
- The digestive system acquires and extracts nutrients and eliminates wastes (liver, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines).
- The urinary system removes wastes and maintains the pH of the body; disposes of nitrogenous wastes (urinary bladder, urethra, kidney, ureter).
- The reproductive system produces gametes, enables copulation, and houses and nourishes young in females (gonads, testes, ovary, vagina, prostate, penis, uterus).
Body Fluids
- Extracellular fluid is the fluid outside of cells.
- Interstitial fluid is the fluid between tissue cells.
- Blood plasma is the fluid component of blood.
- Lymph is the fluid inside lymph vessels.
- The volume and composition of body fluids must be maintained for survival.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the dynamic upkeep of internal conditions within set parameters.
- It depends on a receptor (detects changes), a control center (coordinates a response), and an effector (carries out the response).
- Negative feedback loops reverse changes to maintain homeostasis.
- Positive feedback loops enhance the initial change, moving the body away from homeostasis.
- Homeostatic imbalances can lead to disorders, diseases, and death.
Anatomical, Directional, and Positional Terms
- Anatomical position is a standard reference point.
- Supine position is lying face up.
- Prone position is lying face down.
- Directional terms describe relative positions of structures.
- The midline divides the body into right and left sides.
- Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body.
- Sections are cuts along a plane.
Body Cavities
- Body cavities protect, hold, and support internal structures.
- The dorsal body cavities include the cranial cavity (contains the brain) and the vertebral canal (contains the spinal cord).
- The ventral body cavities include the thoracic cavity (contains the heart and lungs) and the abdominopelvic cavity (contains organs of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems).
- The diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
- The viscera are the organs within ventral cavities.
- Serous membranes are thin, slippery, protective layers that surround organs.
- The pleura encases the lungs in the pleural cavity.
- The pericardium encases the heart in the pericardial cavity.
- The peritoneum encases the abdominal cavity and its organs.
Thoracic Cavity
- The thoracic cavity is formed by ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae.
- The mediastinum is the space between the lungs.
- The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart.
- The pleural cavities surround each lung.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
- The abdominopelvic cavity extends from the diaphragm to the groin and includes the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
- The abdominal cavity contains organs of the digestive system, and accessory glands.
- The pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder and organs of the reproductive system.
- The peritoneum can be further subdivided into peritoneal viscera (stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of the large intestine) and retroperitoneal viscera (kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, ascending and descending colon, parts of the abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava).
Regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity
- The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into nine regions using the midclavicular, subcostal, and transtubercular lines.
- The quadrants are a simpler way to divide the abdominopelvic cavity, using a midsagittal and transverse line at the umbilicus.
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Description
This quiz covers essential characteristics of living things, the basics of anatomy and physiology, and details about the human organ systems. Dive into how living organisms function, their structural organization, and the interdependence of organ systems. Perfect for students interested in biology and life sciences!
