Anatomy and Physiology of Bones

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Questions and Answers

What type of joint permits uniaxial rotation?

Pivot joint

Which muscle is the major flexor of the elbow joint?

Biceps brachii

What is the insertion point of the triceps brachii muscle?

Ulna

What type of muscle decreases the angle between two bones?

Flexor Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle moves the limb away from the midline of the body?

Deltoid Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the hamstrings muscles?

Femur Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle group is the antagonist to the quadriceps during knee flexion?

Hamstrings Signup and view all the answers

What is the insertion point of the deltoid muscle?

Humerus Signup and view all the answers

What muscle is responsible for adduction at the shoulder joint?

Pectoralis major Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is named based on the shape of its muscle fibers?

Rectus abdominis Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue is hyaline cartilage?

Non-vascular connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which cells build the bone matrix?

Osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of osteocytes?

Maintain the bone matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the bone matrix?

Hydroxyapatite Signup and view all the answers

Where is compact bone found?

Forms the external surface of all bones Signup and view all the answers

What are osteons?

Concentric rings of bone matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of canaliculi in bone?

Connect blood and nerve supply of periosteum with the central canals Signup and view all the answers

Where are lacunae with osteocytes found?

Between rings of lamellae Signup and view all the answers

What do perforating canals connect?

Blood and nerve supply of periosteum with the central canals and medullary cavity Signup and view all the answers

What runs perpendicular to the long axis of the bone?

Perforating canals Signup and view all the answers

Where is spongy bone primarily found?

Epiphyses of long bones, skull, ribs, and vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

What components make up a long bone?

Diaphysis, epiphyses, epiphyseal plate, medullary cavity, periosteum, endosteum, and articular cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of a skeletal muscle fiber?

Sarcolemma, sarcoplasm with myofibrils and sarcoplasmic reticulum, and myofilaments Signup and view all the answers

How are joints functionally classified?

Synarthrotic (immovable), amphiarthrotic (slightly movable), or diarthrotic (freely movable) synovial joints Signup and view all the answers

What are the structural classifications of joints?

Fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of synovial joints?

Articular cartilage, fibrous capsule, joint cavity with synovial fluid, and reinforcing ligaments Signup and view all the answers

What types of movements are associated with hinge joints?

Flexion/extension Signup and view all the answers

What gives muscle cells their characteristic striation pattern?

Arrangement of thick and thin myofilaments forming sarcomeres Signup and view all the answers

What anchors skeletal muscles to bone or fascia?

Deep fascia, tendons, and aponeurosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of red or yellow marrow in the medullary cavity?

Blood cell production and fat storage Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology of Bones, Muscles, and Joints

Spongy bone lacks osteons and is primarily found in the epiphyses of long bones, skull, ribs, and vertebrae, containing trabeculae and red bone marrow.
Long bones consist of diaphysis (composed of compact bone), epiphyses (primarily spongy bone), epiphyseal plate for bone growth, and medullary cavity with red or yellow marrow.
Components of long bones include the epiphyseal line, medullary cavity, periosteum, endosteum, and articular cartilage for joint surfaces.
Skeletal muscles are composed of individual cells called fibers, bundled by endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium, with deep fascia, tendons, and aponeurosis anchoring them to bone or fascia.
A skeletal muscle fiber has a sarcolemma, sarcoplasm with myofibrils and sarcoplasmic reticulum, and myofilaments consisting of actin, myosin, troponin, and tropomyosin.
The arrangement of thick and thin myofilaments gives muscle cells their characteristic striation pattern, forming sarcomeres.
Articulations and joints are functionally classified as synarthrotic (immovable), amphiarthrotic (slightly movable), or diarthrotic (freely movable) synovial joints.
Structurally, joints are classified as fibrous (no joint cavity, bound by fibrous CT), cartilaginous (no joint cavity, connected by cartilage), or synovial (with a joint cavity held by an articular capsule and ligaments).
Synovial joints have articular cartilage, a fibrous capsule, joint cavity with synovial fluid, and reinforcing ligaments for additional joint strength.
Types of synovial joints include gliding (plane) joints for short gliding movements, hinge joints for flexion/extension, and pivot joints for rotation.
Components of spongy bone include trabeculae and red bone marrow, primarily found in epiphyses of long bones and certain bones of the skull, ribs, and vertebrae.
Long bones consist of diaphysis, epiphyses, epiphyseal plate, medullary cavity, periosteum, endosteum, and articular cartilage, providing structure and support for the body.