Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the function of the medullary cavity?
What is the function of the medullary cavity?
The medullary cavity contains the red bone marrow and the yellow bone marrow.
Where is articular cartilage found and how is it nourished?
Where is articular cartilage found and how is it nourished?
Articular cartilage is found covering both epiphyseal portions of articulating bone and nutrients diffuse from synovial fluid within the joint.
The periosteum contains all the following EXCEPT __________.
The periosteum contains all the following EXCEPT __________.
motor nerves
________ accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone.
________ accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone.
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Bone is composed of ________ percent cells.
Bone is composed of ________ percent cells.
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What do the lacunae of osseous tissue contain?
What do the lacunae of osseous tissue contain?
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What is the most abundant cell type in bone?
What is the most abundant cell type in bone?
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________ are stronger than steel when stretched.
________ are stronger than steel when stretched.
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________ free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels.
________ free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels.
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If osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity in a bone, how will bone mass be affected?
If osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity in a bone, how will bone mass be affected?
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What are the structural units of mature compact bone called?
What are the structural units of mature compact bone called?
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What does the central canal of an osteon contain?
What does the central canal of an osteon contain?
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Which structural features of spongy bone are oriented along stress lines and are cross-braced extensively?
Which structural features of spongy bone are oriented along stress lines and are cross-braced extensively?
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Is a sample of bone with lamellae not arranged in osteons more likely from the epiphysis or from the diaphysis?
Is a sample of bone with lamellae not arranged in osteons more likely from the epiphysis or from the diaphysis?
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During appositional growth, what happens to bones?
During appositional growth, what happens to bones?
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What is the lining of the medullary cavity called?
What is the lining of the medullary cavity called?
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As a bone increases in diameter, what happens to the medullary cavity?
As a bone increases in diameter, what happens to the medullary cavity?
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Define appositional growth.
Define appositional growth.
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A hard ossified bone in an adult actually begins within the embryo as a miniature version composed of __________.
A hard ossified bone in an adult actually begins within the embryo as a miniature version composed of __________.
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What structure allows a bone to grow in length?
What structure allows a bone to grow in length?
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Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n) __________.
Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n) __________.
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When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, what happens?
When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, what happens?
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When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, what happens to bones?
When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, what happens to bones?
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Where does endochondral lengthening occur?
Where does endochondral lengthening occur?
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What process is shown at '6'?
What process is shown at '6'?
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Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?
Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?
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Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of __________ cells.
Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of __________ cells.
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Define intramembranous ossification.
Define intramembranous ossification.
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During intramembranous ossification, bone replaces which type of tissue?
During intramembranous ossification, bone replaces which type of tissue?
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Which of the following statements regarding the homeostasis regulation of blood calcium is FALSE?
Which of the following statements regarding the homeostasis regulation of blood calcium is FALSE?
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Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of which hormone?
Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of which hormone?
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What is the intestinal response to PTH secretion when calcium ion levels are low?
What is the intestinal response to PTH secretion when calcium ion levels are low?
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Identify the hormone that stimulates the release of calcium ions from bone matrix and explain its mechanism of action.
Identify the hormone that stimulates the release of calcium ions from bone matrix and explain its mechanism of action.
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List the steps involved in fracture repair, beginning just after the fracture occurs.
List the steps involved in fracture repair, beginning just after the fracture occurs.
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Study Notes
Medullary Cavity
- Houses red and yellow bone marrow, crucial for blood cell production and fat storage.
Articular Cartilage
- Covers epiphyseal portions of articulating bones.
- Nourished by nutrients diffusing from synovial fluid in joints.
Periosteum Composition
- Contains various structures except motor nerves.
Calcium Phosphate
- Comprises nearly two-thirds of bone weight, providing strength and rigidity.
Bone Cellular Composition
- Only about 2% of bone tissue consists of cells.
Lacunae
- Small cavities in osseous tissue that contain osteocytes, vital for bone maintenance.
Osteocytes
- The most abundant cell type in bone, responsible for maintaining bone tissue.
Collagen Fibers
- Stronger than steel when stretched, contributing to bone flexibility and resilience.
Osteoclasts
- Cells that release free calcium from bone to help maintain blood calcium levels.
Bone Mass and Osteoclasts
- When osteoclast activity surpasses that of osteoblasts, bone mass decreases.
Osteons
- Structural units of mature compact bone, consisting of concentric layers of mineralized matrix.
Central Canal of Osteon
- Contains blood vessels, crucial for nutrient delivery and waste removal in bone.
Spongy Bone Structure
- Trabeculae are oriented along lines of stress and extensively cross-braced, providing structural support.
Lamellae Arrangement
- If lamellae are not arranged in osteons, the sample is likely from the epiphysis rather than the diaphysis.
Appositional Growth
- Refers to the process in which bones grow wider, adding bone matrix at the outer surface.
Endosteum
- The lining of the medullary cavity, providing a surface for bone growth and repair.
Medullary Cavity Changes
- As bone diameter increases, osteoclast activity enlarges the medullary cavity.
Appositional Growth Definition
- An increase in bone diameter due to the addition of bone matrix at the outer surface.
Ossification in Adults
- Hard, ossified bone starts as a hyaline cartilage model in embryos.
Bone Growth Length
- Epiphyseal cartilages facilitate lengthening of bones during growth.
Endochondral Ossification
- Begins with the formation of a cartilage model, leading to bone development.
Epiphyseal Plate Replacement
- When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, long bones reach their adult length.
Cartilage and Bone Growth
- When cartilage production at the epiphyseal side equals the deposition of bone on the opposite side, bones grow longer.
Location of Endochondral Lengthening
- Occurs in the region where cartilage is converted to bone.
Secondary Ossification
- Refers to the process involved in the formation of bones after initial ossification.
Intramembranous Ossification
- Responsible for forming bones such as the roof of the skull and the clavicle.
Cell Differentiation in Intramembranous Ossification
- Begins with the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into bone-forming cells.
Definition of Intramembranous Ossification
- Bone formation directly within connective tissue without a prior cartilage model.
Tissue Replacement in Intramembranous Ossification
- Bone replaces embryonic or fibrous connective tissue during the ossification process.
Blood Calcium Regulation
- False statement: The pancreas is not one of the main organs for regulating blood calcium levels.
Calcitonin Hormone
- Secreted in response to elevated blood calcium levels, helping to decrease calcium in blood.
Parathyroid Hormone and Calcium Absorption
- PTH stimulates rapid absorption of calcium in the intestines when blood calcium levels are low.
Parathyroid Hormone Mechanism
- Stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone matrix, releasing calcium ions into the bloodstream.
Fracture Repair Steps
- Includes fracture hematoma formation, callus formation, spongy bone formation, and compact bone formation.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your understanding of anatomy and physiology with these flashcards from Module 6.3. Focus on key concepts such as the medullary cavity and articular cartilage, and how these structures function in the human body. Perfect for reinforcing your learning or preparing for exams.
