Anatomy and Physiology Fundamentals Quiz

<p>Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of protons and electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atoms with unequal protons and electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atoms share electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Charged atoms with unpaired electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attraction between opposite ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atoms sharing electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attraction between partially charged atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stored energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electron transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiovascular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urinary system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digestive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphatic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Integumentary system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To continuously monitor the status of a condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative feedback loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symptoms are subjective changes, signs are objective changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Standing upright with feet parallel and arms at the sides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative and positive feedback loops</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the appropriate response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dorsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protect and support internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different numbers of neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sagittal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Standardized method for observing and imaging the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventral cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fundamental materials of matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Illustrate anatomical positions, directional terms, body planes, and body cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding the elemental composition of the human body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands; it functions in protection, absorption, and secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connective tissue has an extracellular matrix composed of ground substance and fibers, while epithelial tissue lacks this feature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exocrine glands secrete products onto body surfaces or into body cavities, while endocrine glands secrete products into the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a matrix composed of ground substance and fibers, and they support, protect, and bind structures together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nervous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adipose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Areolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reticular tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tight junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudostratified columnar</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allow movement of small ions and molecules between cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple squamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple squamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provide strong and flexible connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple cuboidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rectangular</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stratified squamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Act as selective barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anchoring junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transitional epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They secrete products into ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Via exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serous and mucous glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells, ground substance, and protein fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mesenchyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adipocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Form a strong, supporting network around fat cells, nerve fibers, and muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyaluronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loose connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release histamine if tissue is irritated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Matrix composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polysaccharides and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adipocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Around fat cells, nerve fibers, and muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial tissue is composed of tightly packed cells with little extracellular matrix, while connective tissue is composed of cells dispersed within an extracellular matrix of ground substance and fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial tissues are classified based on the number of cell layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells at the apical surface (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A gland is a structure that secretes substances. Exocrine glands secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities, while endocrine glands secrete their products into the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connective tissues are composed of cells and an extracellular matrix consisting of ground substance and fibers. The ground substance is a gel-like material, and the fibers include collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium contains cells that secrete mucus or bear cilia to sweep away mucus and foreign particles in the trachea and upper respiratory tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stratified squamous epithelium consists of several layers of cells, with the top layer being flat and deeper layers varying in shape. It is found, for example, in the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium contains a tough layer of keratin and is found in mammalian skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transitional epithelium lines the urinary bladder and is capable of stretching to permit organ distention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocrine glands are ductless and release hormones into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete products into ducts. An example of an endocrine gland is the pituitary gland, while an example of an exocrine gland is the salivary gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Merocrine exocrine glands release secretions via exocytosis, such as sweat glands. Apocrine glands pinch off their apical surfaces with their secretory vesicles, such as mammary glands. Holocrine glands lyse and are destroyed after accumulating their products, such as sebaceous glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salivary glands are composed of serous or mucous glands, releasing thin liquid or thicker, more viscous products respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connective tissues consist of cells, ground substance, and protein fibers, with the latter two combining to form the matrix. Connective tissue is classified into three categories based on the nature of their matrices: CT proper, supportive CTs, and fluid CTs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first connective tissue to develop in an embryo is mesenchyme, derived from mesoderm, and serves as the precursor for all other connective tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The second type of connective tissue to develop in an embryo forms in the umbilical cord and is called mucus connective tissue or Wharton’s jelly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body, highly vascular, and has a nerve supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ground substance and protein fibers combine to form the matrix in connective tissue, which provides structural support and maintains the spacing between cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The basement membrane is composed of a cellular layer of collagen and glycoproteins called the basal lamina, often underlain with a layer of reticular fibers and glycoproteins called the reticular lamina. Its function includes providing attachment for the epithelial cells, acting as a selective barrier, and influencing cell behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tight junctions separate cells into basal and apical compartments, acting as selective barriers and protecting underlying tissues. They prevent the passage of molecules and ions between cells, maintaining cell polarity and controlling the paracellular transport of solutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial cells are interconnected by tight junctions (selective barriers), anchoring junctions (strong and flexible connections), and gap junctions (intercellular passageways allowing movement of small ions and molecules for electrical and metabolic coupling of adjacent cells).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial tissues can be classified as simple (one layer), stratified (several layers), and pseudostratified (appearing as several) arrangements. Cell shapes include squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-like), columnar (rectangular), and transitional (variable).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial tissues perform functions like protection, filtration, secretion, digestion, absorption, transportation, excretion, sensory reception, and reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial tissue is avascular, meaning it lacks blood vessels. This is significant because it relies on diffusion from nearby connective tissue for nourishment and waste removal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different epithelial subtypes in the body include simple squamous (lining of blood vessels, air sacs of lungs), simple cuboidal (kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands), simple columnar (lining of stomach, intestines), and stratified epithelium (skin, lining of mouth, esophagus). Each subtype has specific locations and functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial cells are arranged in sheets, in single or multiple layers, consisting mostly of packer cells with little extracellular material. They have an apical surface, a basal surface attached to a base membrane, and adhere firmly to nearby connective tissue through a thin extracellular layer called the basement membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anchoring junctions provide strong and flexible connections among epithelial cells, including desmosomes and hemidesmosomes. They contribute to the structural integrity and stability of tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial tissues play a role in sensory reception by containing sensory nerve endings, and in transportation by facilitating the movement of materials across their surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial tissues consist of cells with squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-like), columnar (rectangular), and transitional (variable) shapes. These different shapes contribute to the specialized functions of the tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The avascular nature of epithelial tissues means they lack blood vessels, relying on diffusion from nearby connective tissue for nourishment and waste removal. This impacts their function by influencing their metabolic processes and nutrient exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four primary adult tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, forms glands, and provides protection. Connective tissue protects and supports the body, binds organs, stores energy, and provides immunity. Muscle tissue is responsible for movement and force generation. Nervous tissue initiates and transmits nerve impulses, coordinates body activities, and contributes to homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The embryonic origin of tissues and major organs is from three distinct layers of cells: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial tissue is classified based on its features, location, and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connective tissues are composed of cells and an extracellular matrix of ground substance and fibers. Various types of connective tissues include mesenchyme, areolar, adipose, reticular, dense regular, dense irregular, elastic, hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage, bone, and blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle tissues differ in structure, control, location, and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nervous tissue is composed of neurons, located throughout the body, and functions in initiating and transmitting nerve impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary function of tight junctions in epithelial tissues is to act as selective barriers and protect underlying tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elastic fibers are primarily found in the body's connective tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main function of mast cells in connective tissue is to release substances such as histamine and heparin in response to injury or infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transitional epithelium lines the urinary bladder and is capable of stretching to permit organ distention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first connective tissue to develop in an embryo is mesenchyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscle tissue is striated and under voluntary control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibroblasts, fibrocytes, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells, immune system cells like macrophages, mast cells, and plasma cells, and the matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing immunity from pathogens and degraded host cells by releasing chemical messenger cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and liquid (blood and lymph)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing strength and stretching capacity, returning to their original shape after being stretched or compressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forming a strong, supporting network around fat cells, nerve fibers, and muscle fibers, providing structural support in the walls of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It consists of all three types of fibers, various cells, and a semi-fluid ground substance, found between organs to absorb shock, bind tissues, and allow diffusion of water, salts, and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Releasing histamine if tissue is irritated, causing vasodilation and increasing blood flow to the site</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The matrix secreted by connective tissue cells and adjacent cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immune system cells like macrophages, mast cells, and plasma cells, as well as fibroblasts, fibrocytes, adipocytes, and mesenchymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers