Anatomy and Physiology Exam 2 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following are functions of the integumentary system? (Select all that apply)

Vitamin D synthesis (correct)

Sensory receptors for temperature (correct)

Prevents loss or gain of water (correct)

Resistance to trauma and infection (correct)

How does skin resist trauma and infection?

Skin has low pH to reduce bacteria and fungi, and cells are packed closely together with tough protein called keratin.

Name 3 ways the integumentary system thermoregulates.

Glands release sweat for evaporative cooling, vasoconstriction, vasodilation.

Define vasoconstriction.

Narrowing of blood vessels, reduces heat loss. Signup and view all the answers

Define vasodilation.

Widening of blood vessels, increases heat loss. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 main parts of the integumentary system?

Epidermis and dermis. Signup and view all the answers

What does the epidermis primarily consist of?

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Signup and view all the answers

What are the epidermal derivatives?

Glands, hair, nails. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 main cell types in the epidermis?

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile (Merkel) cells, dendritic (Langerhans) cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are keratinocytes?

Most numerous cell type, make fibrous protein keratin. Signup and view all the answers

What do melanocytes do?

Synthesize pigment called melanin. Signup and view all the answers

What are tactile cells also known as?

Merkel cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are dendritic cells also known as?

Macrophages (big phagocytic cells) that kill microbes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the layers of the epidermis (list from bottom up)?

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum. Signup and view all the answers

What layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin?

Stratum lucidum. Signup and view all the answers

How many layers are found in the stratum basale?

1 layer. Signup and view all the answers

What cells are found in the stratum basale?

Stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile (Merkel) cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of the stem cells in the stratum basale?

Makes it mitotically active; the stem cells divide and give rise to keratinocytes. Signup and view all the answers

How many layers are in the stratum spinosum?

8-10 layers. Signup and view all the answers

What is the appearance of the cells in the stratum spinosum, and why?

The cells are flattened, which happens as they are pushed upward. Signup and view all the answers

What is contained in the stratum spinosum?

Keratinocytes, dendritic (Langerhans) cells. Signup and view all the answers

In which epidermis layers do keratinocytes produce waterproofing substances?

Stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum. Signup and view all the answers

What are the waterproofing substances produced by the keratinocytes?

Keratin, lipids. Signup and view all the answers

How many layers are in the stratum granulosum?

3-5 layers. Signup and view all the answers

In what layer do the nuclei and organelles begin to degenerate in the keratinocytes?

Stratum granulosum. Signup and view all the answers

What do the cells look like in the stratum granulosum and why?

They continue to flatten because of accumulation of keratin. Signup and view all the answers

How many layers are in the stratum lucidum, and what do they look like?

3-4 layers of translucent cells. Signup and view all the answers

Why are the cells in the stratum lucidum translucent?

The clear protein named eleidin. Signup and view all the answers

How many layers are in the stratum corneum?

Up to 30 layers. Signup and view all the answers

What do the layers of the stratum corneum consist of?

Dead scaly keratinized cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are 2 of the main purposes of the stratum corneum?

Resistance to abrasion and water loss. Signup and view all the answers

What are the layers of the dermis (from top to bottom)?

Papillary layer, reticular layer. Signup and view all the answers

What is the papillary layer made of?

Areolar CT. Signup and view all the answers

What is the reticular layer made of?

Irregular CT and adipose. Signup and view all the answers

What do you find in the papillary layer?

Meissner's corpuscles (touch receptors), dermal papillae (upward extensions). Signup and view all the answers

What do you find in the reticular layer?

Pacinian corpuscles (pressure receptors), hair follicles, sebaceous (oil) glands, sudoriferous glands. Signup and view all the answers

What is the 2nd name for the hypodermis?

Subcutaneous. Signup and view all the answers

Where is the hypodermis located?

Beneath the dermis. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main functions of the hypodermis?

Energy reservoir and thermal insulation. Signup and view all the answers

Why can drugs be injected into the hypodermis?

It is highly vascular. Signup and view all the answers

What is the hypodermis made of?

Areolar CT and adipose tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What makes the color in the skin?

Color caused by pigments produced by melanocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What causes differences in skin color?

Differences in quantities, distribution, and breakdown of pigments. Signup and view all the answers

What are 2 types of pigments and what is their color?

Eumelanin - brownish black, pheomelanin - reddish yellow. Signup and view all the answers

What are 3 types of abnormal coloration?

Cyanosis, albinism, vitiligo. Signup and view all the answers

What is cyanosis?

Blueness of skin due to deficiency of oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What is albinism?

Genetic lack of melanin. Signup and view all the answers

What is vitiligo?

Autoimmune disorder leading to depigmentation in patches of skin. Signup and view all the answers

What causes tanning of the skin?

Exposure to UV radiation, which causes an increased production of melanin by melanocytes. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the evolution of skin color.

Strong correlation between skin color and strength of sunlight; people in the north evolved fair skin to absorb more UV light for vitamin D production. Signup and view all the answers

What are hair follicles formed from?

Epidermal cells that become keratinized. Signup and view all the answers

Where are hair follicles located?

In the dermis. Signup and view all the answers

What are the parts of the hair?

Hair root (in the hair follicle), hair shaft (part that continues past the skin). Signup and view all the answers

What makes the hair stand on end?

Arrector pili. Signup and view all the answers

What causes different hair textures?

Differences in cross-sectional shape. Signup and view all the answers

What causes differences in hair color?

Melanin; gray/white hair lacks pigment and contains air bubbles in the shaft. Signup and view all the answers

What causes male pattern baldness?

Genetically dominant trait expressed in the presence of high levels of testosterone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the nails?

Protect the digits. Signup and view all the answers

What are nails formed from?

Specialized epithelial cells that become keratinized as they move away from the root. Signup and view all the answers

What are glands?

Specialized cells that produce and secrete substances into ducts. Signup and view all the answers

What are sebaceous glands?

Associated with a hair follicle, secrete an oily substance called sebum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of sebum?

Lubricates and waterproofs hair and skin; weakens or kills bacteria on skin surface. Signup and view all the answers

What causes whiteheads and blackheads?

A buildup of sebum. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 sweat glands?

Apocrine glands and eccrine sweat glands. Signup and view all the answers

Where do apocrine glands open?

Into hair follicles in the anal region, groin, and armpits. Signup and view all the answers

Which sweat gland begins to secrete at puberty?

Apocrine glands. Signup and view all the answers

What is a main purpose of the eccrine sweat glands?

Opens onto surface of the skin; when the body heats up, lowers body temperature with sweat. Signup and view all the answers

What makes up sweat (perspiration)?

Mostly water, but also excretes wastes. Signup and view all the answers

What is skin cancer?

Mutation of the skin cell DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 broad categories of skin cancer, and what is the main difference between them?

Nonmelanoma cancer - less likely to metastasize (spread), melanoma cancer - more likely to spread. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 main types of nonmelanoma cancer, and where do they arise from?

Basal cell carcinoma - arises from stratum basale; squamous cell carcinoma - arises from stratum spinosum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of skin cancer?

Basal cell carcinoma. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ABCDE Rule?

Characteristics of a mole that are warning signs of melanoma. Signup and view all the answers

What does ABCDE stand for in the ABCDE Rule?

A - Asymmetrical; B - Borders are irregular; C - Color is uneven; D - Diameter is > 6mm; E - Elevation. Signup and view all the answers

What problems can come with burns?

Fluid loss and infection. Signup and view all the answers

What part of the skin is affected by a first degree burn?

Epidermis. Signup and view all the answers

What part of the skin is affected by a second degree burn?

The entire epidermis and part of the dermis. Signup and view all the answers

What part of the skin is affected by a third degree burn?

The entire thickness of the skin. Signup and view all the answers

How can you tell the difference between a first and second degree burn?

Second degree burn has blisters while a first degree burn does not. Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue usually repairs well?

Epithelial tissues - they regenerate. Signup and view all the answers

What is fibrosis?

When connective tissue is replaced by fibrous connective tissue (when it repairs itself), causes scarring. Signup and view all the answers

List the events of tissue repair in order.

Bleeding/inflammation, scab formation, formation of granulation tissue, regeneration/fibrosis. Signup and view all the answers

What does the skeleton consist of?

Bone and cartilages. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage. Signup and view all the answers

Describe hyaline cartilage and where it is found.

Clear, glassy matrix. Found: articular cartilage at ends of long bones, in trachea. Signup and view all the answers

Describe elastic cartilage and where it is found.

Very flexible. Found: external ear. Signup and view all the answers

What is fibrocartilage?

Fibers give it strength. Found: intervertebral discs. Signup and view all the answers

How many named bones are there on average in the human skeleton?

<ol start="206"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the axial skeleton?

Forms the long axis of the body (skull, vertebral column, rib cage). Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the axial skeleton?

Protects, supports, and carries other body parts. Signup and view all the answers

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Appendages (bones of the upper and lower limbs and shoulder, hip bones). Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the appendicular skeleton?

Locomotion and manipulation of environment. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the skeleton?

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, hematopoiesis. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the change in bone marrow as bones age.

Red bone marrow becomes yellow bone marrow that can't produce blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are 2 types of bone?

Compact bone and spongy bone. Signup and view all the answers

Describe compact bone.

Dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid. Signup and view all the answers

Describe spongy bone.

Arrangement of spicules and trabeculae (looks like a sponge). Signup and view all the answers

What is a spicule?

Small needle-like pieces in the spongy bone. Signup and view all the answers

What are trabeculae?

Spaces filled with bone marrow in the spongy bone. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functions of the Integumentary System

Resists trauma and infection, maintaining skin integrity.
Regulates water loss and gain to maintain homeostasis.
Synthesizes Vitamin D, crucial for calcium metabolism.
Contains sensory receptors for various stimuli including temperature and touch.
Participates in thermoregulation through sweat production and blood vessel regulation.

Skin's Resistance to Trauma and Infection

Skin has an acidic pH, which inhibits microbial growth.
Keratinized cells are densely packed, providing a physical barrier.

Mechanisms of Thermoregulation

Sweat glands release perspiration for evaporative cooling.
Vasoconstriction reduces blood flow to conserve heat.
Vasodilation increases blood flow to release heat.

Integumentary System Anatomy

Composed of the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (beneath connective tissue).
Hypodermis is not technically part of the skin but is located underneath the dermis.

Epidermis Composition

Primarily consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Contains derivatives including glands, hair, and nails.

Epidermal Cell Types

Keratinocytes: Most abundant, produce keratin.
Melanocytes: Synthesize melanin, contributing to skin color.
Tactile (Merkel) cells: Function as touch receptors, associated with nerve endings.
Dendritic (Langerhans) cells: Act as immune defenders against pathogens.

Layers of the Epidermis (Bottom to Top)

Stratum basale: Single layer with actively dividing cells including stem cells.
Stratum spinosum: 8-10 layers where cells begin to flatten.
Stratum granulosum: 3-5 layers where cell nuclei start to degenerate.
Stratum lucidum: 3-4 translucent layers found only in thick skin.
Stratum corneum: Up to 30 layers of dead, keratinized cells providing durability.

Dermis Structure

Contains papillary layer (areolar connective tissue) and reticular layer (irregular connective tissue and adipose).
Houses sensory receptors, blood vessels, hair follicles, and glands.

Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)

Located beneath the dermis, functioning as an energy reservoir and providing thermal insulation.
Highly vascular, making it suitable for drug injections.

Skin Color and Pigmentation

Determined by pigments produced by melanocytes; variations arise from pigment quantity and distribution.
Eumelanin (brownish-black) and pheomelanin (reddish-yellow) are the two main types of melanin.

Abnormal Skin Colorations

Cyanosis: Bluish hue due to oxygen deficiency.
Albinism: Genetic absence of melanin.
Vitiligo: Autoimmune condition leading to patchy skin depigmentation.

Hair and Nails

Hair follicles formed from keratinized epidermal cells, located in the dermis.
Hair consists of root (below skin) and shaft (above skin).
Nails protect digit tips and are formed from keratinized epithelial cells.

Glandular Function

Sebaceous glands secrete sebum, which lubricates and protects skin.
Sweat glands: Apocrine (associated with hair follicles) and eccrine (directly onto skin surface) help regulate body temperature.

Skin Cancer

Caused by mutations in skin cell DNA, leading to various cancer types.
Nonmelanoma cancers include basal cell carcinoma (most common) and squamous cell carcinoma.
Melanoma is more aggressive and can metastasize.

Burns and Healing

First-degree: epidermis only; red, no blisters.
Second-degree: epidermis and part of dermis; blisters present.
Third-degree: entire skin thickness affected; may require grafting.
Tissue repair involves inflammation, scab formation, granulation tissue, and regeneration or fibrosis.

Skeleton Overview

Comprises bones and cartilage, with approximately 206 named bones in an adult.
Axial skeleton: supports and protects vital structures, including the skull and vertebral column.
Appendicular skeleton: includes limbs and pelvic girdles, enabling movement.

Bone Structure

Compact bone: dense, smooth outer layer.
Spongy bone: contains trabeculae (bony struts) and spicules (needle-like pieces), filled with bone marrow.
Bone marrow transitions from red (blood cell production) in youth to yellow (fat storage) with age.

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Description

Prepare for your Anatomy and Physiology Exam 2 with these flashcards focusing on the functions of the integumentary system. Learn key concepts such as skin resistance to trauma and its role in thermoregulation. Master the material with concise definitions and summaries to enhance your understanding.