Anatomy and Physiology CWB Chapter 16
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Questions and Answers

What is the pathway of sperm?

Seminiferous Tubules -> Rete Testis -> Epididymis -> Ductus Deferens

How do the scrotal muscles help maintain temperature homeostasis of the testes?

When body temp (or external temp) is high, the scrotal muscles relax, allowing the testes to hang lower, causing testicular temp to drop. When the external temp is cold, the scrotal muscles contract to draw the testis closer.

What is the epididymis?

Tubular storage site for sperm; hugs the lateral aspect of the testes.

What is the prepuce?

<p>Cuff of skin encircling the glans penis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the testes?

<p>Site of testosterone production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the prostrate do?

<p>Surrounds the urethra at the base of the bladder; produces a milky fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the spermatic cord?

<p>Connective tissue sheath enclosing the ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ductus deferens?

<p>Passageway from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do seminal vesicles produce?

<p>More than half of the seminal fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the penis?

<p>Organ that delivers semen to the female reproductive tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the urethra do?

<p>Conveys urine to the outside of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the scrotum?

<p>External skin sac that houses the testes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a spermatogonium?

<p>Primitive stem cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contain 23 chromosomes?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are secondary spermatocytes?

<p>Product of meiosis I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a spermatid?

<p>Product of meiosis II.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sperm?

<p>Functional motile gamete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two hormones necessary for sperm production?

<p>FSH and testosterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indicate in which type of cellular division the final product is two daughter cells, each with 46 chromosomes.

<p>Mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indicate in which type of cellular division the final product is four daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes.

<p>Meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the phases prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase?

<p>Both Mitosis and Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indicate in which type of cellular division that occurs in all body tissues.

<p>Mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indicate in which type of cellular division that occurs only in the gonads.

<p>Meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indicate in which type of cellular division that increases the cell number for growth and repair.

<p>Mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indicate in which type of cellular division where daughter cells have the same number and types of chromosomes as the mother cell.

<p>Mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indicate in which type of cellular division where daughter cells are different from the mother cell in their chromosomal makeup.

<p>Meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indicate in which type of cellular division where chromosomes are replicated before the division process begins.

<p>Both Mitosis and Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indicate in which type of cellular division where this process provides cells for the reproduction of offspring.

<p>Meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indicate in which type of cellular division where this process consists of two consecutive divisions of the nucleus; chromosomes are not replicated before the second division.

<p>Meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name four of the male secondary sex characteristics.

<ol> <li>Deepening voice 2) Formation of a beard and increased hair growth 3) Enlargement of skeletal muscles 4) Increased density of skeleton.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the uterus?

<p>Chamber that houses the developing fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the vagina?

<p>Canal that receives the penis during sexual intercourse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are uterine or fallopian tubes?

<p>Usual site of fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clitoris?

<p>Erects during sexual stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the uterine tube?

<p>Duct through which the ovum travels to reach the uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hymen?

<p>Membrane that partially closes the vaginal canal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ovary?

<p>Primary female reproductive organ.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do fimbriae do?

<p>Move to create fluid currents to draw the ovulated egg into the uterine tube.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary oocyte?

<p>Forming part of the primary follicle in the ovary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a secondary oocyte?

<p>In the uterine tube before fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a secondary oocyte in the mature follicle?

<p>In the mature, or graafian, follicle of the ovary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ovum?

<p>In the uterine tube shortly after sperm penetration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is event A in fig 16-7?

<p>Ovulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are there any oogonia in a mature female ovary?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Into what area is the ovulated cell released?

<p>Peritoneal cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is a mature ovum (egg) produced in humans?

<p>After sperm penetration occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in the ovary becomes a corpus luteum?

<p>Ruptured (ovulated) Follicle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four final cell types produced by oogenesis in the female? How does this compare with the final product of spermatogenesis in males?

<p>One ovum, three polar bodies. Males produce 4 spermatids -&gt; 4 sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the tiny cells nearly devoid of cytoplasm ultimately produced during oogenesis? Why?

<p>They deteriorate because they lack nutrient-containing cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What name is given to the period of a woman's life when her ovaries begin to become nonfunctional?

<p>Menopause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of uterine tubes not being structurally continuous with the ovaries?

<p>Many 'eggs' are lost in the peritoneal cavity; this also provides access to infectious microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

<p>Promotes growth of ovarian follicles and production of estrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does luteinizing hormone (LH) do?

<p>Triggers ovulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do estrogen and progesterone do?

<p>Inhibit follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release by the anterior pituitary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does estrogen stimulate?

<p>Stimulates luteinizing hormone (LH) release by the anterior pituitary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does luteinizing hormone (LH) convert?

<p>Converts the ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum and causes it to produce progesterone and estrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of luteinizing hormone (LH) post-ovulation?

<p>Maintains the hormonal production of the corpus luteum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name four of the secondary sex characteristics of females.

<ol> <li>Appearance of axillary/pubic hair 2) Development of breasts 3) Widening of the pelvis 4) Onset of menses.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if estrogens and progesterone are lacking?

<p>The blood vessels kink and the endometrium sloughs off (menses).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone causes the endometrial glands to begin the secretion of nutrients?

<p>Progesterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?

<p>The endometrium is repaired and grows thick and velvety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What maintains the myometrium in an inactive state if implantation of an embryo has occurred?

<p>Progesterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormones contribute to gland formation in the endometrium?

<p>Estrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is responsible for the secondary sex characteristics of females?

<p>Estrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What portion of the sperm actually enters the oocyte?

<p>The head (nucleus).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional importance of the acrosomal reaction?

<p>Digests away the cement holding the follicle cells together allowing sperm to reach the oocyte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if the sperm has entered a polar body instead of a secondary oocyte?

<p>It would be unlikely for that 'fertilized cell' to develop into an embryo because it has virtually no cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a zygote?

<p>Fertilized egg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the placenta secrete?

<p>Estrogens and progesterone to maintain the pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do chorionic villi and endometrium do?

<p>Cooperate to form the placenta.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the amnion?

<p>Fluid-filled sac surrounding the developing embryo/fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the umbilical cord do?

<p>Attaches embryo to placenta.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are chorionic villi?

<p>Fingerlike projections of the blastocyst.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fetus?

<p>The embryo after 8 weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the placenta?

<p>The organ that delivers nutrients to and disposes of wastes for the fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fertilization?

<p>Event leading to combination of ovum and sperm 'genes'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why the corpus luteum does not stop producing its hormones when fertilization has occurred.

<p>The blastocyst and then the placenta release HCG, which is like LH and sustains the function of the corpus luteum temporarily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What germ layer gives rise to the heart and blood vessels?

<p>Mesoderm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What germ layer gives rise to the digestive system mucosa?

<p>Endoderm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What germ layer gives rise to the brain and spinal cord?

<p>Ectoderm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What germ layer gives rise to skeletal muscles?

<p>Mesoderm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What germ layer gives rise to the skin epidermis?

<p>Ectoderm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What germ layer gives rise to bones?

<p>Mesoderm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What germ layer gives rise to the respiratory system mucosa?

<p>Endoderm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What germ layer gives rise to the liver and pancreas?

<p>Endoderm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two hormones are essential to initiate labor in humans?

<p>Oxytocin and prostaglandins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for milk production?

<p>Prolactin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for milk ejection?

<p>Oxytocin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What changes are experienced during pregnancy?

<p>Diaphragm descent is impaired, pelvic ligaments are relaxed, vital capacity decreases, lordosis occurs, blood volume and cardiac output increase, nausea, heartburn, constipation, dyspnea may occur, urgency and stress incontinence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Braxton Hicks contractions and why do they occur?

<p>False labor (irregular, ineffective uterine contractions), occurring due to rising estrogen levels making the uterus more responsive to oxytocin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the three phases of parturition.

<ol> <li>Dilation stage 2. Expulsion stage 3. Placental stage.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the dilation stage of parturition.

<p>The period from the beginning of labor until full dilation (approx. 10cm diameter) of the cervix. The longest phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the expulsion stage of parturition.

<p>The period from full dilation to the birth (delivery).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the placental stage of parturition.

<p>Delivery of the placenta, which follows the delivery of the infant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long will the cycle illustrated in fig 16-11 continue to occur?

<p>Each pass forces the baby farther into the birth passage. The cycle ends with the birth of the baby.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Labor is an example of a positive feedback mechanism. What does that mean?

<p>The response to the stimulus enhances the stimulus; the more a baby descends into the pelvis and stretches the uterus, the more oxytocin is produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pathway of Sperm

  • Passage: Seminiferous tubules → Rete testis → Epididymis → Ductus deferens.

Temperature Regulation of Testes

  • Scrotal muscles relax at high temperatures, lowering testes for cooling.
  • Muscles contract in cold temperatures, drawing testes closer to body for warmth.

Key Structures

  • Epididymis: Tubular storage site for sperm along testes' lateral aspect.
  • Prepuce: Skin cuff encircling the glans penis.
  • Testes: Primary site for testosterone production.
  • Prostate: Produces a milky fluid; surrounds urethra at bladder base.
  • Spermatic Cord: Connective tissue sheath housing ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves.
  • Ductus Deferens: Connects epididymis to ejaculatory duct.
  • Seminal Vesicles: Produce over half of seminal fluid.
  • Penis: Delivers semen to female reproductive tract.
  • Urethra: Excretes urine from the body.
  • Scrotum: External sac that holds the testes.

Spermatogenesis

  • Spermatogonium: Stem cell precursor to sperm.
  • End result of spermatogenesis: Four functional sperm from one stem cell.
  • Meiosis: Divides cells to form gametes, producing secondary spermatocytes and spermatids.

Hormones Involved in Sperm Production

  • FSH and Testosterone: Essential for sperm production.

Female Reproductive System

  • Uterus: Houses developing fetus.
  • Vagina: Receives penis during intercourse.
  • Uterine/Fallopian Tubes: Primary fertilization site.
  • Clitoris: Erects during sexual arousal.
  • Ovary: Main female reproductive organ.
  • Fimbriae: Draws ovulated egg toward uterine tube.

Oogenesis

  • Primary Oocyte: Part of the primary follicle.
  • Mature ovum produced after sperm penetration.
  • End result: One ovum and three polar bodies.
  • Polar bodies degenerate due to lack of cytoplasm.

Fertilization and Development

  • Zygote: Fertilized egg formed from sperm and egg fusion.
  • Placenta: Secretes hormones to support pregnancy and nutrient exchange.

Hormonal Regulation

  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and estrogen production.
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH): Triggers ovulation and supports corpus luteum function.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

  • Males: Deep voice, increased hair growth, muscle enlargement, and skeletal density.
  • Females: Axillary and pubic hair, breast development, pelvis widening, and initiation of menstrual cycle.

Menstrual Cycle

  • Luteinizing hormone and estrogen regulate the menstrual cycle and the uterine lining.

Labor and Delivery

  • Oxytocin and prostaglandins: Induce labor.
  • Braxton Hicks contractions: False labor stimulated by estrogen.

Phases of Parturition

  • Dilation Stage: Longest phase until cervix is fully dilated (10 cm).
  • Expulsion Stage: From full dilation to baby delivery.
  • Placental Stage: Detachment and delivery of the placenta post-birth.

Pregnancy Changes

  • Increased blood volume and cardiac output; potential for nausea and cardiac adjustments.

Germ Layers and Development

  • Mesoderm: Forms heart, blood vessels, and skeletal muscles.
  • Endoderm: Forms digestive system and respiratory mucosa.
  • Ectoderm: Forms brain, spinal cord, and skin epidermis.

Lactation

  • Prolactin: Stimulates milk production.
  • Oxytocin: Facilitates milk ejection.

Hormonal Interactions During Pregnancy

  • Persistence of corpus luteum function due to hormones released by blastocyst and placenta, sustaining until the placenta matures for hormone secretion.

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Test your knowledge on the reproductive system with these flashcards from Chapter 16 of the Anatomy and Physiology Coloring Work Book. Learn about the pathway of sperm and the role of scrotal muscles in temperature regulation. Perfect for students looking to enhance their understanding of human anatomy.

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