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Questions and Answers
What is the pathway of sperm?
What is the pathway of sperm?
Seminiferous Tubules -> Rete Testis -> Epididymis -> Ductus Deferens
How do the scrotal muscles help maintain temperature homeostasis of the testes?
How do the scrotal muscles help maintain temperature homeostasis of the testes?
When body temp (or external temp) is high, the scrotal muscles relax, allowing the testes to hang lower, causing testicular temp to drop. When the external temp is cold, the scrotal muscles contract to draw the testis closer.
What is the epididymis?
What is the epididymis?
Tubular storage site for sperm; hugs the lateral aspect of the testes.
What is the prepuce?
What is the prepuce?
What are the testes?
What are the testes?
What does the prostrate do?
What does the prostrate do?
What is the spermatic cord?
What is the spermatic cord?
What is the ductus deferens?
What is the ductus deferens?
What do seminal vesicles produce?
What do seminal vesicles produce?
What is the function of the penis?
What is the function of the penis?
What does the urethra do?
What does the urethra do?
What is the scrotum?
What is the scrotum?
What is a spermatogonium?
What is a spermatogonium?
Which of the following contain 23 chromosomes?
Which of the following contain 23 chromosomes?
What are secondary spermatocytes?
What are secondary spermatocytes?
What is a spermatid?
What is a spermatid?
What is sperm?
What is sperm?
What are the two hormones necessary for sperm production?
What are the two hormones necessary for sperm production?
Indicate in which type of cellular division the final product is two daughter cells, each with 46 chromosomes.
Indicate in which type of cellular division the final product is two daughter cells, each with 46 chromosomes.
Indicate in which type of cellular division the final product is four daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes.
Indicate in which type of cellular division the final product is four daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes.
Which process involves the phases prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase?
Which process involves the phases prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase?
Indicate in which type of cellular division that occurs in all body tissues.
Indicate in which type of cellular division that occurs in all body tissues.
Indicate in which type of cellular division that occurs only in the gonads.
Indicate in which type of cellular division that occurs only in the gonads.
Indicate in which type of cellular division that increases the cell number for growth and repair.
Indicate in which type of cellular division that increases the cell number for growth and repair.
Indicate in which type of cellular division where daughter cells have the same number and types of chromosomes as the mother cell.
Indicate in which type of cellular division where daughter cells have the same number and types of chromosomes as the mother cell.
Indicate in which type of cellular division where daughter cells are different from the mother cell in their chromosomal makeup.
Indicate in which type of cellular division where daughter cells are different from the mother cell in their chromosomal makeup.
Indicate in which type of cellular division where chromosomes are replicated before the division process begins.
Indicate in which type of cellular division where chromosomes are replicated before the division process begins.
Indicate in which type of cellular division where this process provides cells for the reproduction of offspring.
Indicate in which type of cellular division where this process provides cells for the reproduction of offspring.
Indicate in which type of cellular division where this process consists of two consecutive divisions of the nucleus; chromosomes are not replicated before the second division.
Indicate in which type of cellular division where this process consists of two consecutive divisions of the nucleus; chromosomes are not replicated before the second division.
Name four of the male secondary sex characteristics.
Name four of the male secondary sex characteristics.
What is the uterus?
What is the uterus?
What is the vagina?
What is the vagina?
What are uterine or fallopian tubes?
What are uterine or fallopian tubes?
What is the clitoris?
What is the clitoris?
What is the uterine tube?
What is the uterine tube?
What is the hymen?
What is the hymen?
What is the ovary?
What is the ovary?
What do fimbriae do?
What do fimbriae do?
What is a primary oocyte?
What is a primary oocyte?
What is a secondary oocyte?
What is a secondary oocyte?
What is a secondary oocyte in the mature follicle?
What is a secondary oocyte in the mature follicle?
What is an ovum?
What is an ovum?
What is event A in fig 16-7?
What is event A in fig 16-7?
Are there any oogonia in a mature female ovary?
Are there any oogonia in a mature female ovary?
Into what area is the ovulated cell released?
Into what area is the ovulated cell released?
When is a mature ovum (egg) produced in humans?
When is a mature ovum (egg) produced in humans?
What structure in the ovary becomes a corpus luteum?
What structure in the ovary becomes a corpus luteum?
What are the four final cell types produced by oogenesis in the female? How does this compare with the final product of spermatogenesis in males?
What are the four final cell types produced by oogenesis in the female? How does this compare with the final product of spermatogenesis in males?
What happens to the tiny cells nearly devoid of cytoplasm ultimately produced during oogenesis? Why?
What happens to the tiny cells nearly devoid of cytoplasm ultimately produced during oogenesis? Why?
What name is given to the period of a woman's life when her ovaries begin to become nonfunctional?
What name is given to the period of a woman's life when her ovaries begin to become nonfunctional?
What is the significance of uterine tubes not being structurally continuous with the ovaries?
What is the significance of uterine tubes not being structurally continuous with the ovaries?
What is follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
What is follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
What does luteinizing hormone (LH) do?
What does luteinizing hormone (LH) do?
What do estrogen and progesterone do?
What do estrogen and progesterone do?
What does estrogen stimulate?
What does estrogen stimulate?
What does luteinizing hormone (LH) convert?
What does luteinizing hormone (LH) convert?
What is the role of luteinizing hormone (LH) post-ovulation?
What is the role of luteinizing hormone (LH) post-ovulation?
Name four of the secondary sex characteristics of females.
Name four of the secondary sex characteristics of females.
What happens if estrogens and progesterone are lacking?
What happens if estrogens and progesterone are lacking?
Which hormone causes the endometrial glands to begin the secretion of nutrients?
Which hormone causes the endometrial glands to begin the secretion of nutrients?
What occurs to the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
What occurs to the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
What maintains the myometrium in an inactive state if implantation of an embryo has occurred?
What maintains the myometrium in an inactive state if implantation of an embryo has occurred?
What hormones contribute to gland formation in the endometrium?
What hormones contribute to gland formation in the endometrium?
What hormone is responsible for the secondary sex characteristics of females?
What hormone is responsible for the secondary sex characteristics of females?
What portion of the sperm actually enters the oocyte?
What portion of the sperm actually enters the oocyte?
What is the functional importance of the acrosomal reaction?
What is the functional importance of the acrosomal reaction?
What would happen if the sperm has entered a polar body instead of a secondary oocyte?
What would happen if the sperm has entered a polar body instead of a secondary oocyte?
What is a zygote?
What is a zygote?
What does the placenta secrete?
What does the placenta secrete?
What do chorionic villi and endometrium do?
What do chorionic villi and endometrium do?
What is the amnion?
What is the amnion?
What does the umbilical cord do?
What does the umbilical cord do?
What are chorionic villi?
What are chorionic villi?
What is a fetus?
What is a fetus?
What is the placenta?
What is the placenta?
What is fertilization?
What is fertilization?
Explain why the corpus luteum does not stop producing its hormones when fertilization has occurred.
Explain why the corpus luteum does not stop producing its hormones when fertilization has occurred.
What germ layer gives rise to the heart and blood vessels?
What germ layer gives rise to the heart and blood vessels?
What germ layer gives rise to the digestive system mucosa?
What germ layer gives rise to the digestive system mucosa?
What germ layer gives rise to the brain and spinal cord?
What germ layer gives rise to the brain and spinal cord?
What germ layer gives rise to skeletal muscles?
What germ layer gives rise to skeletal muscles?
What germ layer gives rise to the skin epidermis?
What germ layer gives rise to the skin epidermis?
What germ layer gives rise to bones?
What germ layer gives rise to bones?
What germ layer gives rise to the respiratory system mucosa?
What germ layer gives rise to the respiratory system mucosa?
What germ layer gives rise to the liver and pancreas?
What germ layer gives rise to the liver and pancreas?
Which two hormones are essential to initiate labor in humans?
Which two hormones are essential to initiate labor in humans?
Which hormone is responsible for milk production?
Which hormone is responsible for milk production?
Which hormone is responsible for milk ejection?
Which hormone is responsible for milk ejection?
What changes are experienced during pregnancy?
What changes are experienced during pregnancy?
What are Braxton Hicks contractions and why do they occur?
What are Braxton Hicks contractions and why do they occur?
Name the three phases of parturition.
Name the three phases of parturition.
Explain the dilation stage of parturition.
Explain the dilation stage of parturition.
Explain the expulsion stage of parturition.
Explain the expulsion stage of parturition.
Explain the placental stage of parturition.
Explain the placental stage of parturition.
How long will the cycle illustrated in fig 16-11 continue to occur?
How long will the cycle illustrated in fig 16-11 continue to occur?
Labor is an example of a positive feedback mechanism. What does that mean?
Labor is an example of a positive feedback mechanism. What does that mean?
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Study Notes
Pathway of Sperm
- Passage: Seminiferous tubules → Rete testis → Epididymis → Ductus deferens.
Temperature Regulation of Testes
- Scrotal muscles relax at high temperatures, lowering testes for cooling.
- Muscles contract in cold temperatures, drawing testes closer to body for warmth.
Key Structures
- Epididymis: Tubular storage site for sperm along testes' lateral aspect.
- Prepuce: Skin cuff encircling the glans penis.
- Testes: Primary site for testosterone production.
- Prostate: Produces a milky fluid; surrounds urethra at bladder base.
- Spermatic Cord: Connective tissue sheath housing ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves.
- Ductus Deferens: Connects epididymis to ejaculatory duct.
- Seminal Vesicles: Produce over half of seminal fluid.
- Penis: Delivers semen to female reproductive tract.
- Urethra: Excretes urine from the body.
- Scrotum: External sac that holds the testes.
Spermatogenesis
- Spermatogonium: Stem cell precursor to sperm.
- End result of spermatogenesis: Four functional sperm from one stem cell.
- Meiosis: Divides cells to form gametes, producing secondary spermatocytes and spermatids.
Hormones Involved in Sperm Production
- FSH and Testosterone: Essential for sperm production.
Female Reproductive System
- Uterus: Houses developing fetus.
- Vagina: Receives penis during intercourse.
- Uterine/Fallopian Tubes: Primary fertilization site.
- Clitoris: Erects during sexual arousal.
- Ovary: Main female reproductive organ.
- Fimbriae: Draws ovulated egg toward uterine tube.
Oogenesis
- Primary Oocyte: Part of the primary follicle.
- Mature ovum produced after sperm penetration.
- End result: One ovum and three polar bodies.
- Polar bodies degenerate due to lack of cytoplasm.
Fertilization and Development
- Zygote: Fertilized egg formed from sperm and egg fusion.
- Placenta: Secretes hormones to support pregnancy and nutrient exchange.
Hormonal Regulation
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and estrogen production.
- Luteinizing hormone (LH): Triggers ovulation and supports corpus luteum function.
Secondary Sex Characteristics
- Males: Deep voice, increased hair growth, muscle enlargement, and skeletal density.
- Females: Axillary and pubic hair, breast development, pelvis widening, and initiation of menstrual cycle.
Menstrual Cycle
- Luteinizing hormone and estrogen regulate the menstrual cycle and the uterine lining.
Labor and Delivery
- Oxytocin and prostaglandins: Induce labor.
- Braxton Hicks contractions: False labor stimulated by estrogen.
Phases of Parturition
- Dilation Stage: Longest phase until cervix is fully dilated (10 cm).
- Expulsion Stage: From full dilation to baby delivery.
- Placental Stage: Detachment and delivery of the placenta post-birth.
Pregnancy Changes
- Increased blood volume and cardiac output; potential for nausea and cardiac adjustments.
Germ Layers and Development
- Mesoderm: Forms heart, blood vessels, and skeletal muscles.
- Endoderm: Forms digestive system and respiratory mucosa.
- Ectoderm: Forms brain, spinal cord, and skin epidermis.
Lactation
- Prolactin: Stimulates milk production.
- Oxytocin: Facilitates milk ejection.
Hormonal Interactions During Pregnancy
- Persistence of corpus luteum function due to hormones released by blastocyst and placenta, sustaining until the placenta matures for hormone secretion.
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