Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 6 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are the functions of bone?

Support and protect soft tissues, attachment sites for muscles, storage of minerals and calcium, blood cell production in red bone marrow, energy storage in yellow bone marrow.

What is the diaphysis?

Shaft of the bone.

What is the epiphysis?

One end of a long bone.

What are metaphyses?

Areas between epiphysis and diaphysis that include growing bones like the epiphyseal plate. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the parts of a long bone.

Endosteum is the lining of the marrow cavity; periosteum is the tough membrane covering bone, but not the cartilage. Signup and view all the answers

What does the matrix of bone contain?

Inorganic salts and collagen fibers. Signup and view all the answers

What is calcification?

A process that occurs only in the presence of collagen fibers, when salts are deposited in a framework of collagen fibers. Signup and view all the answers

What are osteogenic cells?

Cells that develop into osteoblasts and give rise to osteoblasts. Signup and view all the answers

What do osteoblast cells do?

Forms the bone matrix; they are known as builders. Signup and view all the answers

What do osteocytes cells do?

Maintain bone tissue; they are in the G0 phase only. Signup and view all the answers

What are osteoclasts?

Cells that function in resorption and breakdown of the bone matrix. Signup and view all the answers

What provides the bone's hardness?

Calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Signup and view all the answers

What provides the bone's flexibility?

Organic collagen fibers. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of bone?

Spongy bone (many spaces, for red bone marrow) and compact bone (very few spaces). Signup and view all the answers

What are osteons/Haversian systems?

Osteons contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and osteocytes along with calcified matrix. Signup and view all the answers

Where is compact bone found?

In the shafts of long bones with thin layers covering all bones. Signup and view all the answers

How is compact bone arranged?

Osteons of concentric rings of calcified matrix surrounded by blood vessels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the major difference between compact bone and spongy bone?

Compact bone contains osteons, whereas spongy bone does not. Signup and view all the answers

How is spongy bone arranged?

A series of thin plates of bone called trabeculae oriented along lines of stress. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of periosteal arteries?

To supply the periosteum to bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of nutrient arteries?

To enter through a nutrient foramen and supply compact bone of diaphysis and red marrow. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries?

To supply the red marrow and bone tissue of epiphyses. Signup and view all the answers

What does all embryonic connective tissue begin as?

Mesenchyme. Signup and view all the answers

What is intramembranous ossification?

The formation of bone directly from fibrous connective tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is endochondral ossification?

The formation of bone from hyaline cartilage. Signup and view all the answers

Explain endochondral ossification (growth of cartilage model).

Mesenchyme cells form a cartilage model of the bone during development. Signup and view all the answers

Explain endochondral bone formation (primary ossification center).

Perichondrium lays down periosteal bone collar, nutrient artery penetrates, periosteal bud brings osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Signup and view all the answers

What are 'hot spots'?

Areas of increased metabolic activity that may indicate cancer, abnormal healing, or growth. Signup and view all the answers

What are 'cold spots'?

Indicate decreased metabolism of decalcified bone, fracture, or bone infection. Signup and view all the answers

How do bones grow in length?

Cartilage cells are produced by mitosis on the epiphyseal side of the plate. Signup and view all the answers

What are the zones of epiphyseal plates?

Zone of resting cartilage, zone of proliferating cartilage, zone of hypertrophic cartilage, zone of calcified cartilage. Signup and view all the answers

How does the bone grow in width?

Periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts forming bony ridges. Signup and view all the answers

What factors affect bone growth?

Nutrition and hormones. Signup and view all the answers

What is insulinlike growth factor?

Promotes cell division at the epiphyseal plate and simulates mitosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is remodeling?

The ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue. Signup and view all the answers

How does the formation of hematoma take place?

Damaged blood vessels produce a clot; inflammation brings phagocytic cells. Signup and view all the answers

How does the formation of a fibrocartilage callus take place?

Fibroblasts invade the pro-callus and lay down collagen fibers. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two things that must take place in the repair of a fracture?

The formation of a bony callus and bone remodeling. Signup and view all the answers

Why is calcium homeostasis in bone tissue important?

Small changes in blood levels of Ca+2 can result in cardiac or respiratory arrest. Signup and view all the answers

What is parathyroid hormone?

A hormone secreted if Ca+2 levels fall; increases osteoblast activity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the calcitriol hormone?

A hormone secreted from para-follicular cells if Ca+2 blood levels become too high. Signup and view all the answers

How do exercise and bone structure relate to each other?

Bone releases lactate and strengthens in response to mechanical stress. Signup and view all the answers

What are two effects of aging on bone tissue?

Loss of calcium and minerals from the bone matrix, decreased protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functions of Bone

Supports and protects soft tissues in the body.
Provides attachment sites for muscles, facilitating movement.
Serves as a storage site for minerals, particularly calcium.
Engages in blood cell production within red bone marrow.
Acts as an energy reserve in yellow bone marrow.

Bone Structure

Diaphysis: The long shaft of a bone.
Epiphysis: The end part of a long bone.
Metaphyses: Growth areas between the epiphysis and diaphysis, including the epiphyseal plate.

Parts of a Long Bone

Endosteum: The lining of the marrow cavity.
Periosteum: A tough membrane that covers bone, excluding cartilage.

Bone Matrix Composition

Contains inorganic salts (calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate) and collagen fibers.

Bone Cells

Osteogenic Cells: Stem cells that develop into osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts: Responsible for forming bone matrix (builders).
Osteocytes: Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue.
Osteoclasts: Cells that resorb (break down) bone matrix (chewers).

Bone Types

Spongy Bone: Characterized by many spaces that house red bone marrow.
Compact Bone: Dense structure with very few spaces, found in the shafts of long bones.

Osteons (Haversian Systems)

Composed of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and osteocytes, all embedded in a calcified matrix, oriented along lines of stress.

Bone Arrangement

Compact Bone: Arranged in concentric rings; osteocytes are located in lacunae, connected via canaliculi.
Spongy Bone: Organized into trabeculae that align along stress lines, filled with red bone marrow.

Growth and Development

Intramembranous Ossification: Direct formation of bone from mesenchyme, primarily resulting in flat bone.
Endochondral Ossification: Bone formation occurs from hyaline cartilage, mainly forming long bones.
Lengthening occurs at the epiphyseal plate via cartilage cell division and transformation into bone.
Width Growth: Involves periosteal cells differentiating into osteoblasts, forming new bone layers.

Factors Influencing Bone Growth

Nutrition and hormonal levels significantly affect bone development.
Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF): Stimulates cellular division and growth influenced by growth hormone and thyroid hormone.

Bone Remodeling

Continuous process of resorbing old bone and replacing it with new tissue, regulated by osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

Fracture Healing Process

Hematoma Formation: Clot occurs due to damaged blood vessels, initiating inflammation and capillary growth.
Fibrocartilage Callus Formation: Fibroblasts and chondroblasts work together to lay down collagen and bridge broken bone ends.
Bony Callus Formation and Remodeling: Essential for proper healing after fracture.

Calcium Homeostasis

Critical for maintaining correct levels of calcium and phosphate; small fluctuations can lead to severe physiological issues.

Hormonal Regulation

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Secreted to increase calcium levels, promoting osteoblast activity and renal production of calcitriol.
Calcitriol: Secreted when calcium levels are high, enhancing osteoclast activity and thus promoting osteoblast function.

Bone and Exercise

Exercise stimulates bone strength by releasing lactate, enhancing the bone's response to mechanical stress.

Aging Effects on Bones

Decreased calcium and mineral content in bone matrix.
Reduced protein synthesis in the skeletal system leads to structural weakness.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering essential concepts from Chapter 6 of Anatomy and Physiology. Learn about the functions of bones, as well as important terminology like diaphysis, epiphysis, and metaphyses. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of skeletal anatomy.