Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What forms the outer boundary of the cell?

plasma membrane

Which organelle directs cell activities?

nucleus

What is an organelle?

specialized structure that performs a specific function

What term describes substances inside the cell?

intracellular Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for substances outside the cell?

extracellular Signup and view all the answers

What does the membrane potential indicate?

charge difference across the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is glycocalyx?

collection of glycolipids, glycoproteins and carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What are the predominant lipids of the plasma membrane?

phospholipids and cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What is a liquid bilayer?

double layer of phospholipid molecules Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a molecule that is 'water-loving'?

hydrophilic Signup and view all the answers

What does hydrophobic mean?

'water-fearing' Signup and view all the answers

What model suggests the plasma membrane is flexible and dynamic?

fluid-mosaic model Signup and view all the answers

What role does cholesterol play in the plasma membrane?

limits the movement of phospholipids, providing stability Signup and view all the answers

What is a marker molecule?

cell surface molecule that allows a cell to identify other cells or other molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is a glycoprotein?

protein with attached carbohydrate Signup and view all the answers

Define glycolipid.

lipid with attached carbohydrate Signup and view all the answers

What is an integral (intrinsic) protein?

protein molecule that penetrates deeply into the lipid bilayer Signup and view all the answers

What is a peripheral (extrinsic) protein?

protein molecule attached to either the inner or outer surface of the lipid bilayer Signup and view all the answers

What does an attachment protein do?

integral protein that allows a cell to attach to other cells or to extracellular molecules Signup and view all the answers

What function does cadherin serve?

protein that attaches a cell to other cells Signup and view all the answers

What is integrin's function?

protein that attaches a cell to extracellular molecules Signup and view all the answers

What role does a transport protein play?

integral protein that allows ions or molecules to move from one side of the plasma membrane to the other Signup and view all the answers

What is a channel protein?

one or more integral proteins arranged so that they form a tiny channel through the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is a leak ion channel?

channel protein that is always open Signup and view all the answers

What is a gated ion channel?

channel protein that can be opened or closed Signup and view all the answers

What is a ligand?

chemical signal Signup and view all the answers

What is a ligand-gated ion channel?

channel protein that opens or closes in response to chemical signals Signup and view all the answers

What is a voltage-gated ion channel?

channel protein that opens or closes when there is a change in charge across the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is a carrier protein (transporter)?

integral membrane protein that moves ions or molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other Signup and view all the answers

Define uniporter.

carrier protein that moves one specific ion or molecule across the membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is a symporter?

carrier protein that moves two different ions or molecules in the same direction across the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

Define antiporter.

carrier protein that moves two different ions or molecules in opposite directions across the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is an ATP-powered pump?

transport protein that moves specific ions and molecules; fueled by the breakdown of ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is a receptor protein?

protein or glycoprotein in the plasma membrane that has an exposed receptor site Signup and view all the answers

What is a receptor site?

area of a receptor protein that attaches to specific chemical signals Signup and view all the answers

What does an enzyme do?

catalyzes chemical reactions on either the inner or outer surface of the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What does selectively permeable mean?

allows only certain substances to pass through it Signup and view all the answers

What is diffusion?

movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration Signup and view all the answers

What is a concentration gradient?

concentration difference between two points, divided by the distances between the two points Signup and view all the answers

What is viscosity?

measure of how easily a liquid flows Signup and view all the answers

What is osmosis?

water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is facilitated diffusion?

carrier proteins combine with substances and move them across the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is active transport?

ATP-powered pumps combine with substances to move them across the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is secondary active transport?

ions moved across the plasma membrane by active transport, then move back down their concentration gradient by facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is endocytosis?

plasma membrane forms a vesicle around the substances to be transported Signup and view all the answers

What is phagocytosis?

'cell-eating;' solid particles are ingested and vesicles are formed Signup and view all the answers

What is pinocytosis?

'cell-drinking'; contain molecules dissolved in liquid Signup and view all the answers

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

receptor sites combine only with certain molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is exocytosis?

materials manufactured by the cell are packaged in secretory vesicles Signup and view all the answers

What is cytosol?

fluid portion of the plasma of the cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

supports the cell and holds the nucleus and other organelles in place Signup and view all the answers

What are cytoplasmic inclusions?

aggregates of chemicals either produced or taken in by the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is cytoplasm?

cellular material outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What are microtubules?

hollow tubes composed primarily of protein units called tubulin Signup and view all the answers

What are actin filaments (microfilaments)?

small fibrils that form bundles, sheets, or networks in the cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What are intermediate filaments?

protein fibers that provide mechanical strength to cell Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Structure and Components

Plasma Membrane: Outer boundary of the cell interacting with the environment.
Nucleus: Directs cell activities, typically found near the cell center.
Organelle: Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions.
Intracellular: Refers to substances located inside the cell.
Extracellular: Refers to substances located outside the cell.

Membrane Structure

Membrane Potential: Charge difference across the plasma membrane due to ion movement regulation.
Glycocalyx: A coating of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and carbohydrates on the plasma membrane’s outer surface.
Phospholipids and Cholesterol: The primary lipids forming the plasma membrane.
Liquid Bilayer: Composed of two layers of phospholipid molecules providing structural integrity.
Fluid-Mosaic Model: Concept describing the flexible and dynamic nature of the plasma membrane.

Protein Types and Functions

Integral (Intrinsic) Protein: Extends deeply into the lipid bilayer, facilitating various functions.
Peripheral (Extrinsic) Protein: Attaches to the membrane's inner or outer surface to perform specific roles.
Marker Molecule: Cell-surface molecules aiding in cell recognition.
Transport Protein: Integral proteins that move ions or molecules across the membrane.

Channels and Transport Mechanisms

Channel Protein: Forms tiny channels allowing ions or molecules to pass through the membrane.
Gated Ion Channel: Can open or close in response to stimuli.
Ligand-Gated Ion Channel: Opens/closes based on binding of chemical signals (ligands).
Voltage-Gated Ion Channel: Responds to changes in membrane charge.
Carrier Protein (Transporter): Changes shape to transport specific ions or molecules across the membrane.

Transport Processes

Diffusion: Movement of solutes from higher to lower concentration.
Facilitated Diffusion: Movement across the membrane via carrier proteins without ATP; follows the concentration gradient.
Active Transport: Energy-driven movement against the concentration gradient; ATP required.
Secondary Active Transport: Uses established ion gradients to move substances.
Endocytosis: Process where the cell membrane engulfs substances to form vesicles; requires ATP.
Exocytosis: Release of materials from cells by vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane.

Cellular Environment and Composition

Cytosol: The fluid part of the cytoplasm, a viscous substance.
Cytoplasm: All cellular material excluding the nucleus.
Cytoskeleton: Provides structural support and maintains the position of organelles.
Cytoplasmic Inclusion: Chemicals or aggregates produced or taken in by the cell.

Structural Components of the Cytoskeleton

Microtubules: Hollow proteins (tubulin) providing structural support and facilitating transport.
Actin Filaments (Microfilaments): Small fibrils aiding in structure, movement, and support.
Intermediate Filaments: Protein fibers that enhance mechanical strength of the cell.

Key Properties of Membranes

Selectively Permeable: Only certain substances can pass through the plasma membrane.
Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic: Hydrophilic refers to "water-loving" regions, while hydrophobic refers to "water-fearing" regions important in membrane interaction.

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Description

This quiz covers key terms and definitions from Chapter 3 of Anatomy and Physiology. It includes essential concepts such as the plasma membrane, nucleus, and organelles, providing a quick review method for students. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding and preparation for exams.