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Questions and Answers
What forms the outer boundary of the cell?
plasma membrane
Which organelle directs cell activities?
nucleus
What is an organelle?
specialized structure that performs a specific function
What term describes substances inside the cell?
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What is the term for substances outside the cell?
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What does the membrane potential indicate?
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What is glycocalyx?
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What are the predominant lipids of the plasma membrane?
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What is a liquid bilayer?
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What term describes a molecule that is 'water-loving'?
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What does hydrophobic mean?
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What model suggests the plasma membrane is flexible and dynamic?
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What role does cholesterol play in the plasma membrane?
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What is a marker molecule?
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What is a glycoprotein?
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Define glycolipid.
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What is an integral (intrinsic) protein?
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What is a peripheral (extrinsic) protein?
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What does an attachment protein do?
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What function does cadherin serve?
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What is integrin's function?
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What role does a transport protein play?
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What is a channel protein?
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What is a leak ion channel?
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What is a gated ion channel?
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What is a ligand?
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What is a ligand-gated ion channel?
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What is a voltage-gated ion channel?
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What is a carrier protein (transporter)?
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Define uniporter.
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What is a symporter?
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Define antiporter.
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What is an ATP-powered pump?
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What is a receptor protein?
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What is a receptor site?
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What does an enzyme do?
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What does selectively permeable mean?
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What is diffusion?
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What is a concentration gradient?
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What is viscosity?
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What is osmosis?
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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What is active transport?
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What is secondary active transport?
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What is endocytosis?
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What is phagocytosis?
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What is pinocytosis?
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What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
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What is exocytosis?
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What is cytosol?
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What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
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What are cytoplasmic inclusions?
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What is cytoplasm?
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What are microtubules?
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What are actin filaments (microfilaments)?
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What are intermediate filaments?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Components
- Plasma Membrane: Outer boundary of the cell interacting with the environment.
- Nucleus: Directs cell activities, typically found near the cell center.
- Organelle: Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions.
- Intracellular: Refers to substances located inside the cell.
- Extracellular: Refers to substances located outside the cell.
Membrane Structure
- Membrane Potential: Charge difference across the plasma membrane due to ion movement regulation.
- Glycocalyx: A coating of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and carbohydrates on the plasma membrane’s outer surface.
- Phospholipids and Cholesterol: The primary lipids forming the plasma membrane.
- Liquid Bilayer: Composed of two layers of phospholipid molecules providing structural integrity.
- Fluid-Mosaic Model: Concept describing the flexible and dynamic nature of the plasma membrane.
Protein Types and Functions
- Integral (Intrinsic) Protein: Extends deeply into the lipid bilayer, facilitating various functions.
- Peripheral (Extrinsic) Protein: Attaches to the membrane's inner or outer surface to perform specific roles.
- Marker Molecule: Cell-surface molecules aiding in cell recognition.
- Transport Protein: Integral proteins that move ions or molecules across the membrane.
Channels and Transport Mechanisms
- Channel Protein: Forms tiny channels allowing ions or molecules to pass through the membrane.
- Gated Ion Channel: Can open or close in response to stimuli.
- Ligand-Gated Ion Channel: Opens/closes based on binding of chemical signals (ligands).
- Voltage-Gated Ion Channel: Responds to changes in membrane charge.
- Carrier Protein (Transporter): Changes shape to transport specific ions or molecules across the membrane.
Transport Processes
- Diffusion: Movement of solutes from higher to lower concentration.
- Facilitated Diffusion: Movement across the membrane via carrier proteins without ATP; follows the concentration gradient.
- Active Transport: Energy-driven movement against the concentration gradient; ATP required.
- Secondary Active Transport: Uses established ion gradients to move substances.
- Endocytosis: Process where the cell membrane engulfs substances to form vesicles; requires ATP.
- Exocytosis: Release of materials from cells by vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane.
Cellular Environment and Composition
- Cytosol: The fluid part of the cytoplasm, a viscous substance.
- Cytoplasm: All cellular material excluding the nucleus.
- Cytoskeleton: Provides structural support and maintains the position of organelles.
- Cytoplasmic Inclusion: Chemicals or aggregates produced or taken in by the cell.
Structural Components of the Cytoskeleton
- Microtubules: Hollow proteins (tubulin) providing structural support and facilitating transport.
- Actin Filaments (Microfilaments): Small fibrils aiding in structure, movement, and support.
- Intermediate Filaments: Protein fibers that enhance mechanical strength of the cell.
Key Properties of Membranes
- Selectively Permeable: Only certain substances can pass through the plasma membrane.
- Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic: Hydrophilic refers to "water-loving" regions, while hydrophobic refers to "water-fearing" regions important in membrane interaction.
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Description
This quiz covers key terms and definitions from Chapter 3 of Anatomy and Physiology. It includes essential concepts such as the plasma membrane, nucleus, and organelles, providing a quick review method for students. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding and preparation for exams.