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Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter 3 Flashcards
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Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What forms the outer boundary of the cell?

plasma membrane

Which organelle directs cell activities?

nucleus

What is an organelle?

specialized structure that performs a specific function

What term describes substances inside the cell?

<p>intracellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for substances outside the cell?

<p>extracellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the membrane potential indicate?

<p>charge difference across the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is glycocalyx?

<p>collection of glycolipids, glycoproteins and carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the predominant lipids of the plasma membrane?

<p>phospholipids and cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a liquid bilayer?

<p>double layer of phospholipid molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a molecule that is 'water-loving'?

<p>hydrophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hydrophobic mean?

<p>'water-fearing'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What model suggests the plasma membrane is flexible and dynamic?

<p>fluid-mosaic model</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does cholesterol play in the plasma membrane?

<p>limits the movement of phospholipids, providing stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a marker molecule?

<p>cell surface molecule that allows a cell to identify other cells or other molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a glycoprotein?

<p>protein with attached carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define glycolipid.

<p>lipid with attached carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an integral (intrinsic) protein?

<p>protein molecule that penetrates deeply into the lipid bilayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a peripheral (extrinsic) protein?

<p>protein molecule attached to either the inner or outer surface of the lipid bilayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an attachment protein do?

<p>integral protein that allows a cell to attach to other cells or to extracellular molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does cadherin serve?

<p>protein that attaches a cell to other cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is integrin's function?

<p>protein that attaches a cell to extracellular molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a transport protein play?

<p>integral protein that allows ions or molecules to move from one side of the plasma membrane to the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a channel protein?

<p>one or more integral proteins arranged so that they form a tiny channel through the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a leak ion channel?

<p>channel protein that is always open</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gated ion channel?

<p>channel protein that can be opened or closed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a ligand?

<p>chemical signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a ligand-gated ion channel?

<p>channel protein that opens or closes in response to chemical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a voltage-gated ion channel?

<p>channel protein that opens or closes when there is a change in charge across the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a carrier protein (transporter)?

<p>integral membrane protein that moves ions or molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define uniporter.

<p>carrier protein that moves one specific ion or molecule across the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a symporter?

<p>carrier protein that moves two different ions or molecules in the same direction across the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define antiporter.

<p>carrier protein that moves two different ions or molecules in opposite directions across the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ATP-powered pump?

<p>transport protein that moves specific ions and molecules; fueled by the breakdown of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a receptor protein?

<p>protein or glycoprotein in the plasma membrane that has an exposed receptor site</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a receptor site?

<p>area of a receptor protein that attaches to specific chemical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an enzyme do?

<p>catalyzes chemical reactions on either the inner or outer surface of the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does selectively permeable mean?

<p>allows only certain substances to pass through it</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diffusion?

<p>movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a concentration gradient?

<p>concentration difference between two points, divided by the distances between the two points</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is viscosity?

<p>measure of how easily a liquid flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osmosis?

<p>water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is facilitated diffusion?

<p>carrier proteins combine with substances and move them across the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is active transport?

<p>ATP-powered pumps combine with substances to move them across the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is secondary active transport?

<p>ions moved across the plasma membrane by active transport, then move back down their concentration gradient by facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is endocytosis?

<p>plasma membrane forms a vesicle around the substances to be transported</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phagocytosis?

<p>'cell-eating;' solid particles are ingested and vesicles are formed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pinocytosis?

<p>'cell-drinking'; contain molecules dissolved in liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

<p>receptor sites combine only with certain molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is exocytosis?

<p>materials manufactured by the cell are packaged in secretory vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytosol?

<p>fluid portion of the plasma of the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

<p>supports the cell and holds the nucleus and other organelles in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cytoplasmic inclusions?

<p>aggregates of chemicals either produced or taken in by the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytoplasm?

<p>cellular material outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are microtubules?

<p>hollow tubes composed primarily of protein units called tubulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are actin filaments (microfilaments)?

<p>small fibrils that form bundles, sheets, or networks in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are intermediate filaments?

<p>protein fibers that provide mechanical strength to cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Structure and Components

  • Plasma Membrane: Outer boundary of the cell interacting with the environment.
  • Nucleus: Directs cell activities, typically found near the cell center.
  • Organelle: Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions.
  • Intracellular: Refers to substances located inside the cell.
  • Extracellular: Refers to substances located outside the cell.

Membrane Structure

  • Membrane Potential: Charge difference across the plasma membrane due to ion movement regulation.
  • Glycocalyx: A coating of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and carbohydrates on the plasma membrane’s outer surface.
  • Phospholipids and Cholesterol: The primary lipids forming the plasma membrane.
  • Liquid Bilayer: Composed of two layers of phospholipid molecules providing structural integrity.
  • Fluid-Mosaic Model: Concept describing the flexible and dynamic nature of the plasma membrane.

Protein Types and Functions

  • Integral (Intrinsic) Protein: Extends deeply into the lipid bilayer, facilitating various functions.
  • Peripheral (Extrinsic) Protein: Attaches to the membrane's inner or outer surface to perform specific roles.
  • Marker Molecule: Cell-surface molecules aiding in cell recognition.
  • Transport Protein: Integral proteins that move ions or molecules across the membrane.

Channels and Transport Mechanisms

  • Channel Protein: Forms tiny channels allowing ions or molecules to pass through the membrane.
  • Gated Ion Channel: Can open or close in response to stimuli.
  • Ligand-Gated Ion Channel: Opens/closes based on binding of chemical signals (ligands).
  • Voltage-Gated Ion Channel: Responds to changes in membrane charge.
  • Carrier Protein (Transporter): Changes shape to transport specific ions or molecules across the membrane.

Transport Processes

  • Diffusion: Movement of solutes from higher to lower concentration.
  • Facilitated Diffusion: Movement across the membrane via carrier proteins without ATP; follows the concentration gradient.
  • Active Transport: Energy-driven movement against the concentration gradient; ATP required.
  • Secondary Active Transport: Uses established ion gradients to move substances.
  • Endocytosis: Process where the cell membrane engulfs substances to form vesicles; requires ATP.
  • Exocytosis: Release of materials from cells by vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane.

Cellular Environment and Composition

  • Cytosol: The fluid part of the cytoplasm, a viscous substance.
  • Cytoplasm: All cellular material excluding the nucleus.
  • Cytoskeleton: Provides structural support and maintains the position of organelles.
  • Cytoplasmic Inclusion: Chemicals or aggregates produced or taken in by the cell.

Structural Components of the Cytoskeleton

  • Microtubules: Hollow proteins (tubulin) providing structural support and facilitating transport.
  • Actin Filaments (Microfilaments): Small fibrils aiding in structure, movement, and support.
  • Intermediate Filaments: Protein fibers that enhance mechanical strength of the cell.

Key Properties of Membranes

  • Selectively Permeable: Only certain substances can pass through the plasma membrane.
  • Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic: Hydrophilic refers to "water-loving" regions, while hydrophobic refers to "water-fearing" regions important in membrane interaction.

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This quiz covers key terms and definitions from Chapter 3 of Anatomy and Physiology. It includes essential concepts such as the plasma membrane, nucleus, and organelles, providing a quick review method for students. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding and preparation for exams.

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