Anatomy and Cell Biology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What term describes a body structure that is located towards the midline?

  • Medial (correct)
  • Lateral
  • Distal
  • Posterior

Which anatomical term refers to the area surrounding the brain?

  • Popliteal
  • Lumbar
  • Otic
  • Cranial (correct)

What term is used to describe the structure that is further away from the point of origin?

  • Distal (correct)
  • Proximal
  • Deep
  • Anterior

Which anatomical term refers to the back of the knee?

<p>Popliteal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term denotes the sole of the feet?

<p>Plantar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fibrous connective tissue is characterized by being loose and includes adipose tissue?

<p>Loose connective tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in a cell?

<p>Regulates substance passage into and out of the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for packaging proteins received from the endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Golgi Apparatus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of centrioles in a cell?

<p>Facilitating cell division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue is responsible for providing flexibility and is found in places like the ear?

<p>Elastic cartilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of connective tissue?

<p>To connect, support, and protect organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue surrounds blood vessels and nerves?

<p>Areolar tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes dense connective tissue?

<p>It has a high concentration of collagen fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is known for its strength and ability to resist compression?

<p>Fibrocartilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle tissue controls voluntary movements?

<p>Skeletal muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of cardiac muscle?

<p>Involuntary control and located in the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is blood classified as in terms of tissue types?

<p>Liquid connective tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does dense connective tissue differ in healing compared to other tissues?

<p>It heals slower due to limited blood supply (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of burn involves only the epidermis and is often caused by sunlight?

<p>First Degree Burn (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification of burns may appear white or black and leathery, and often requires skin grafts?

<p>Third Degree Burn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rule of nines used for in burn treatment?

<p>Estimating the percentage of body surface area affected (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of skin cancer is considered the most dangerous and can metastasize quickly?

<p>Melanoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function of bone involves protecting delicate internal organs?

<p>Protection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of skin cancer arises from cells of the stratum basale and typically appears as a small, shiny bump?

<p>Basal Cell Carcinoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones provides structure and supports the body while maintaining an upright posture?

<p>Vertebral Column (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do bones play in electrolyte balance?

<p>They store and release minerals like calcium and phosphorus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a greenstick fracture?

<p>It is an incomplete fracture seen in young children. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fracture is caused by a twisting force?

<p>Spiral fracture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is the largest and strongest in the human face?

<p>Mandible (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the thoracic cage?

<p>To protect the heart and lungs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the sternum?

<p>Clavicle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of ribs are there in the human body?

<p>12 pairs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of spinal curvature is characterized by an exaggerated lumbar curve?

<p>Lordosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of true ribs in the human body?

<p>They attach to the sternum via hyaline cartilage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder at the neuromuscular junction is characterized by paralysis of respiratory muscles?

<p>Botulism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

<p>Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is caused by excessive firing of motor neurons?

<p>Tetanus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does prolactin have in females?

<p>Stimulates milk production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone released by the posterior pituitary is involved in uterine contractions during childbirth?

<p>Oxytocin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does regeneration in skin healing primarily involve?

<p>Replacement with the same type of cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which skin layer is responsible for nutrient diffusion and lacks blood vessels?

<p>Epidermis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skin conditions indicates a deficiency of oxygen in the blood?

<p>Cyanosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes fibrosis in skin healing?

<p>Involves scar tissue formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bone marrow?

<p>Formation of blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is shaped like a cube?

<p>Short bones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the subcutaneous tissue?

<p>Energy storage and insulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is primarily responsible for protecting organs?

<p>Flat bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which abnormal skin color change is associated with liver dysfunction?

<p>Jaundice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of injections are given directly into the hypodermis?

<p>Intradermal injections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do osteocytes play in bone tissue?

<p>Regulate calcium levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a compound fracture?

<p>Bone pierces the skin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the skin as described in the content?

<p>Protection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is best described as varying in size and shape?

<p>Irregular bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoclasts?

<p>Dissolve unwanted bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of strength is associated with collagen fibers in bone?

<p>Tensile strength (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint allows for the ability to touch the tips of the fingers with the thumb?

<p>Saddle Joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for moving a body part toward the body's midline?

<p>Adduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint is most commonly dislocated?

<p>Shoulder Joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of arthritis is primarily associated with aging and wear and tear?

<p>Osteoarthritis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hyperextension refer to in joint mobility?

<p>Extreme extension beyond normal limits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements involves turning the palm downward?

<p>Pronation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint injury is often associated with sudden stops and turns, particularly in the knee?

<p>ACL injury (A), Meniscus injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of rheumatoid arthritis affecting the synovial membranes?

<p>Cartilage degeneration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ribs are classified as false ribs?

<p>Ribs 8, 9, and 10 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What joint is classified as a ball-and-socket joint?

<p>Shoulder joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone in the lower leg bears weight?

<p>Tibia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many carpal bones are found in the wrist?

<p>8 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint are the elbow and knee classified as?

<p>Hinge joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about floating ribs is true?

<p>They do not attach to the anterior thoracic cage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest tarsal bone in the foot?

<p>Calcaneus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What classification of joint is characterized by being freely movable?

<p>Synovial joints (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Medial

Towards the body's midline, or the center of the body.

Lateral

Away from the body's midline.

Distal

Farthest from the point of origin or attachment.

Proximal

Closest to the point of origin or attachment.

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Anterior

Towards the front of the body.

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Connective Tissue Types

Connective tissue is a diverse group of tissues that connect, support, and protect other tissues in the body. It's classified into four main types: fibrous, cartilage, blood, and bone.

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Fibrous Connective Tissue

Fibrous connective tissue is characterized by its fibrous matrix, providing strength and support. It has two subcategories: loose and dense. Loose connective tissue is flexible and found in areas like skin, while dense connective tissue provides strength and is found in structures like tendons and ligaments.

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Cartilage

Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that provides flexibility and support. It's found in joints, ears, and nose. There are three main types: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage, each with specific properties and locations.

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Cell Nucleus

The control center of the cell! It contains the cell's genetic information (DNA) and regulates all cell activities.

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Mitochondria

The 'powerhouse' of the cell, generating energy (ATP) for cellular processes. Cells with high energy demands, like muscle cells, have more mitochondria.

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Connective tissue

Connective tissue supports, protects, and connects organs throughout the body.

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Loose Connective Tissue

A type of connective tissue with loosely arranged fibers, including areolar, adipose, and reticular tissues.

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Dense Connective Tissue

A type of connective tissue with tightly packed fibers, forming tendons and ligaments that connect muscles to bones or bones to bones.

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Skeletal Muscle

Muscle attached to bones, enabling movement, breathing, speaking, and facial expressions. It's under voluntary control.

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Cardiac Muscle

Muscle found only in the heart; involuntary control.

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Smooth Muscle

Muscle lining the walls of internal organs like the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems. It controls blood pressure and flow and is not under conscious control.

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Regeneration

Damaged tissue cells are replaced with the same type of cells, resulting in functional new tissue.

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Fibrosis

Damaged tissue is replaced with scar tissue, mainly composed of collagen. This scar tissue doesn't restore normal function.

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Epidermis

The outermost layer of the skin, lacking blood vessels, obtaining oxygen and nutrients by diffusion from the dermis.

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Dermis

The layer beneath the epidermis, containing blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerve endings.

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Subcutaneous Tissue (Hypodermis)

A layer beneath the dermis, composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue (subcutaneous fat).

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Cyanosis

Bluish tint of the skin, indicating a deficiency of oxygen in the blood.

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Jaundice

Yellow discoloration of skin and eyes, often associated with impaired liver function due to bile accumulation.

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Erythema

Abnormal redness of the skin, resulting from increased blood flow in dilated blood vessels close to the skin surface.

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First Degree Burn

A superficial burn affecting only the epidermis, characterized by redness, swelling, and pain, often caused by sunlight.

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Second Degree Burn

A deeper burn involving the epidermis and part of the dermis, causing blisters, severe pain, and swelling. May leave scarring.

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Third Degree Burn

A full-thickness burn that extends through the epidermis and dermis, reaching the subcutaneous layer. May not be painful initially due to nerve damage.

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Rule of Nines

A method used to estimate the percentage of body surface area affected by a burn, dividing the body into sections representing 9% each.

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Basal Cell Carcinoma

The most common type of skin cancer, arising from the stratum basale, typically on the nose or face. Seldom metastasizes.

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Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A skin cancer arising from the epidermis, slower growing than melanoma, often occurring on the scalp, forehead, and ears.

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Malignant Melanoma

The most deadly skin cancer, developing from melanocytes. Often fatal if not treated early.

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Bone Function: Support

Bones like those in the legs, pelvis, and vertebral column support the body to keep it upright.

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Bone's Role in Blood Production

Bone marrow, located inside bones, is the primary site where blood cells like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are formed.

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Bone's Role in Acid-Base Balance

Bones can absorb or release alkaline salts (like calcium) to help maintain a stable pH in the body's fluids, ensuring chemical reactions happen efficiently.

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Long Bone Function

Long bones, like the femur, act as levers to help move limbs. They provide strength and support for movement.

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Short Bone Function

Short bones, found in the wrist and ankle, provide stability and cushioning for joints, allowing for smooth movement.

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Flat Bone Function

Flat bones, like the skull, protect vital organs and provide broad areas for muscle attachment.

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Bone Cell that Builds Bone

Osteoblasts are responsible for creating new bone tissue by secreting substances that form the bone matrix.

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Bone Cell that Breaks Down Bone

Osteoclasts break down old or damaged bone tissue, releasing calcium and other minerals back into the bloodstream.

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What Makes Bone Strong?

Bones are strong due to a combination of collagen fibers, which provide tensile strength (resistance to pulling forces), and calcium salts, which provide compressional strength (resistance to squeezing forces).

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Greenstick Fracture

An incomplete fracture that typically occurs in children due to their flexible bones. The bone splinters rather than breaking completely.

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Comminuted Fracture

A fracture where the bone shatters into multiple pieces, often caused by high-impact trauma.

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Spiral Fracture

A fracture where the break line twists around the bone, usually from a twisting force.

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Pathologic Fracture

A fracture that occurs in weakened or diseased bone, usually from a force that wouldn't break a healthy bone.

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What bone forms the upper jaw?

The maxillae, two bones that meet to form the upper jaw. They form the foundation of the face and connect with every other facial bone.

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Scoliosis

A sideways curvature of the spine.

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Lordosis

An exaggerated inward curve of the lower back, making a swayback.

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Botulism

A type of food poisoning caused by a toxin that paralyzes muscles, especially those involved in breathing. It's often acquired from improperly canned food.

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False Ribs

Ribs 8, 9, and 10 attach to the cartilage of rib 7, and ribs 11 and 12 do not attach to any part of the anterior thoracic cage.

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Floating Ribs

Ribs 11 and 12, which do not attach to any part of the anterior thoracic cage.

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Myasthenia Gravis

An autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system attacks acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle weakness.

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Tetanus

A bacterial infection that causes muscle spasms, often in the jaw (lockjaw), due to excessive motor neuron activity.

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Humerus

The long bone of the upper arm.

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What is the role of the posterior pituitary in the endocrine system?

The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus. These include oxytocin, which triggers uterine contractions and milk release, and antidiuretic hormone, which regulates water balance.

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Radius

One of the two bones in the forearm, located on the thumb side.

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Ulna

One of the two bones in the forearm, located on the pinky side.

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What are the main functions of TSH and prolactin?

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone. Prolactin stimulates milk production in the mammary glands in females.

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Phalanges

The bones that form the fingers and toes.

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Metacarpal Bones

Five bones that form the palm of the hand.

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Fibrous Joints

Joints where collagen fibers from one bone penetrate the adjacent bone, anchoring the bones in place.

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Condyloid Joint

A type of joint that allows movement in two planes, like the knuckles of your fingers. It allows flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

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Pivot Joint

A joint that allows rotation around a single axis, like turning your head from side to side. It's formed when a bony process rotates within a ring.

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Saddle Joint

The only joint in your body that allows movement in two planes, like a person sitting on a saddle. It's found at the base of your thumb.

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Gliding Joint

The least mobile type of synovial joint. It allows for small, sliding movements.

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Flexion

Bending a joint, decreasing the angle between the bones.

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Extension

Straightening a joint, increasing the angle between the bones.

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Dorsiflexion

Moving the toes or foot upwards, towards your shin.

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Plantar Flexion

Moving the toes or foot downwards, away from your shin, like pressing the gas pedal.

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