Anatomy and Physiology Basics

Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body, while physiology is the study of the function of the body.

Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

A negative feedback mechanism reverses a change in the body, while a positive feedback mechanism amplifies a change.

An example of a negative feedback mechanism is the regulation of body temperature. When the body temperature rises, the body sweats to cool down, and when the body temperature falls, the body shivers to warm up.

An example of a positive feedback mechanism is blood clotting. When a blood vessel is injured, platelets stick to the site of the injury, which releases chemicals that attract more platelets. This process continues until the clot is formed.

<p>The four macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.</p> <p>Carbohydrates are the body's primary source of energy. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.</p> <p>Lipids are a type of fat that stores energy and provides insulation. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.</p> <p>Proteins are important for building and repairing tissues and organs. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.</p> <p>Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that controls what enters and exits the cell. It also plays a role in cell signaling and recognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Facilitated diffusion is the movement of molecules across a membrane with the help of a transport protein. Active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy. Passive transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane down their concentration gradient, not requiring energy. Endocytosis is the process by which cells take in substances from their surroundings. Exocytosis is the process by which cells release substances from their surroundings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In an isotonic solution, an RBC will remain the same size and shape. In a hypertonic solution, an RBC will shrink because water will move out of the cell. In a hypotonic solution, an RBC will swell and potentially burst because water will move into the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin. It is made up of epithelial cells that provide protection from the environment. The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis. It is made up of connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and glands. The subcutaneous layer is the layer of fat beneath the dermis. It provides insulation and cushioning for the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The epidermis has five layers: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. The dermis has two layers: papillary layer and reticular layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The functions of the epidermis include protecting the body from the environment, preventing water loss, and producing melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. The functions of the dermis include providing support for the epidermis, anchoring the skin to the underlying muscle, and helping to regulate body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin color is determined by the amount of melanin produced by melanocytes in the epidermis. Melanin comes in two forms: eumelanin, which is a dark brown-black pigment, and pheomelanin, which is a reddish-yellow pigment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The arrector pili muscle is a small muscle that is attached to each hair follicle. When the arrector pili muscle contracts, it causes the hair to stand on end, which is also known as goose bumps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sebaceous gland is a gland in the skin that produces sebum. Sebum is an oily substance that helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apocrine sweat glands are located in the armpits and groin area. They produce a thicker, milky sweat that contains pheromones. Eccrine sweat glands are located all over the body. They produce a thinner, watery sweat that is primarily for regulating body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypothermia is a condition in which the body temperature falls below 95 degrees Fahrenheit. Hyperthermia is a condition in which the body temperature rises above 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit.</p> <p>The body's response to hypothermia includes shivering, vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels), and decreased metabolic rate. The body's response to hyperthermia includes sweating, vasodilation (widening of blood vessels), and increased metabolic rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rule of 9s is a method for estimating the percentage of body surface area affected by a burn. The body is divided into areas that represent 9% or multiples of 9% of the total body surface area.</p> Signup and view all the answers