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Questions and Answers
How many bones make up the axial skeleton?
How many bones make up the axial skeleton?
80
What are the functions of the axial skeleton?
What are the functions of the axial skeleton?
Support and protect organs, attach to muscles of head neck and trunk, stabilize parts of the perpendicular skeleton.
What are the major bones associated with the external occipital protruberance?
What are the major bones associated with the external occipital protruberance?
Occipital, Temporal, Temporal, Frontal, Temporal, Maxilla
What are the bones of the face?
What are the bones of the face?
What does the Latin word 'lacrima' mean?
What does the Latin word 'lacrima' mean?
Which bones of the face are the smallest and largest, respectively?
Which bones of the face are the smallest and largest, respectively?
What is the function of the hyoid bone?
What is the function of the hyoid bone?
Which bone absorbs the impact if a person struck on the head experiences trouble hearing and balancing?
Which bone absorbs the impact if a person struck on the head experiences trouble hearing and balancing?
What bone(s) may become fractured if someone punches you in the nose?
What bone(s) may become fractured if someone punches you in the nose?
What are the functions of the sinuses?
What are the functions of the sinuses?
What is a deviated septum and what can it cause?
What is a deviated septum and what can it cause?
What are the terms used for both an oversized head and an undersized head?
What are the terms used for both an oversized head and an undersized head?
What is scoliosis?
What is scoliosis?
How many cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae are there?
How many cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae are there?
Which vertebral regions are fused in an adult?
Which vertebral regions are fused in an adult?
Which vertebral discs are the widest and narrowest, respectively?
Which vertebral discs are the widest and narrowest, respectively?
How many pairs of ribs are there?
How many pairs of ribs are there?
List the bones and markings of the sternum.
List the bones and markings of the sternum.
What are ribs 1-7 called?
What are ribs 1-7 called?
What specific structure can easily be damaged while receiving CPR?
What specific structure can easily be damaged while receiving CPR?
List the major bones of the appendicular system.
List the major bones of the appendicular system.
What bone is most commonly fractured during a fall?
What bone is most commonly fractured during a fall?
How many carpal bones are in the wrist and how many rows are there?
How many carpal bones are in the wrist and how many rows are there?
What are finger and toe bones called, respectively?
What are finger and toe bones called, respectively?
How many wrist and palm bones are there, respectively?
How many wrist and palm bones are there, respectively?
How many bones comprise the carpus?
How many bones comprise the carpus?
How many phalangeal bones are there?
How many phalangeal bones are there?
Which bones of the hand provide a range of motion?
Which bones of the hand provide a range of motion?
What are the major upper limb bones?
What are the major upper limb bones?
What are bones that form the finger, palm, and wrist called?
What are bones that form the finger, palm, and wrist called?
What are the bones of the wrist?
What are the bones of the wrist?
What are the bones of the ankle?
What are the bones of the ankle?
What is the largest component of the coxal bone?
What is the largest component of the coxal bone?
How do male and female pelvic outlets compare?
How do male and female pelvic outlets compare?
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Study Notes
Axial Skeleton Overview
- Comprises 80 bones in total: 22 in the skull, 7 associated structures, 25 forming the thoracic cage, and 26 vertebrae.
- Functions to support and protect vital organs, provide attachment for neck and trunk muscles, and stabilize the appendicular skeleton.
Major Bone Structures
- External occipital protuberance located on the occipital bone.
- External acoustic meatus and mastoid process found on the temporal bone.
- Lacrimal fossa is situated in the frontal bone.
- Zygomatic process is also part of the temporal bone.
- Palatine process is a feature of the maxilla.
Facial Bones
- Key facial bones include the maxilla, lacrimal, nasal, zygomatic, and mandible.
- Lacrima translates to "tear" in Latin.
- The lacrimal bone is the smallest, while the maxilla is the largest facial bone.
Hyoid Bone Function
- Supports the larynx and serves as an attachment point for muscles involved in swallowing and speech.
Trauma Implications
- The temporal bone is at risk during head trauma, leading to potential hearing and balance issues.
- Fracturing various bones like the frontal, nasal, lacrimal, and maxilla can occur from nasal impacts.
Sinus Functions
- Sinuses aid in air filtering and moisture retention.
Deviated Septum
- Characterized by a bent nasal septum, which can hinder sinus drainage and affect pressure regulation.
Cephalic Terms
- Macrocephalic refers to an oversized head, while microcephalic denotes an undersized head.
Scoliosis
- Refers to the abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
Vertebral Counts
- There are 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae.
- The sacrum and coccyx regions are fused in adults.
Rib Anatomy
- Humans possess 12 pairs of ribs.
- True ribs are classified as ribs 1-7, known as vertebrosternal ribs.
- The xiphoid process of the sternum is vulnerable during CPR.
Appendicular Skeleton
- Composed of the clavicles, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, pelvis, femur, tibia, and fibula.
- Clavicles are the most frequently fractured bones during falls.
Carpal and Phalangeal Structure
- The wrist contains 8 carpal bones arranged in two rows.
- Phalanges refer to the finger and toe bones, totaling 56 (14 in each hand and foot).
- The hand has 8 carpals and 5 metacarpals.
Wrist and Ankle Bones
- The wrist bones include scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.
- The ankle comprises the calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and the three cuneiform bones (lateral, intermediate, medial).
Pelvic Comparisons
- The ilium is the largest component of the coxal bone.
- Female pelvic outlets are generally wider, with a less curved sacrum compared to males.
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