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Anatomy and Physiology: Aldosterone and Nephron
50 Questions
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Anatomy and Physiology: Aldosterone and Nephron

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Questions and Answers

What is a common nursing diagnosis related to chronic renal failure (CRF)?

  • Risk for impaired mobility due to muscle weakness
  • High Risk for Injury related to osteoclast activity (correct)
  • Ineffective Thermoregulation due to kidney dysfunction
  • Fluid Volume Deficit related to dehydration

    • What dietary adjustment is recommended for patients with chronic renal failure?

  • Elimination of all fats
  • Increase protein and sodium intake
  • Protein restriction and increased carbohydrate intake (correct)
  • Low carbohydrate diet

    • Which laboratory finding indicates the need for increased dialysis frequency?

  • Decreased BUN levels
  • Elevated serum electrolytes (correct)
  • Normal CBC values
  • Normal serum creatinine levels

    • What is the purpose of administering synthetic erythropoietin (Epogen) in chronic renal failure?

    <p>To stimulate red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about kidney transplant recipients is correct?

    <p>Stages of rejection include hyperacute and acute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of hemodialysis that nurses should monitor for?

    <p>Risk of infection related to the vascular access site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing intervention for managing electrolyte imbalance in acute renal failure (ARF)?

    <p>Monitor intake and output and adjust medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dialysis involves the use of a catheter placed in the abdomen?

    <p>Peritoneal Dialysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Acute Renal Failure (ARF) during its clinical course?

    <p>Oliguric-anuric phase lasting 7-14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key difference between Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) and ARF?

    <p>CRF leads to permanent loss of renal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common physiological effect during the recovery period of ARF?

    <p>Return to normal urine output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly seen in Chronic Renal Failure?

    <p>Hypocalcemia due to reduced active vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a GFR of 20-40 indicate in the context of renal function?

    <p>Renal Insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Chronic Renal Failure?

    <p>Immediate elevation of blood pressure upon diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions arises due to fluid overload in CRF?

    <p>Hypertension and congestive heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the end stage of renal disease concerning renal function?

    <p>Renal function is completely absent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which Thiazide diuretics help in the management of calculi formation?

    <p>Decreasing tubular reabsorption, which reduces calculi formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most commonly associated with decreased renal tissue perfusion?

    <p>Diabetes Mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of acute glomerulonephritis (AGN)?

    <p>Proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention is considered non-invasive for the treatment of kidney stones?

    <p>Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic glomerulonephritis can lead to which notable symptom?

    <p>Hypoalbuminemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of using cholestyramine in the context of nephrolithiasis?

    <p>Binding oxalates in the feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with post-renal acute renal failure?

    <p>Urinary obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a management strategy for nephrotic syndrome?

    <p>Increasing carbohydrate intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor may lead to acute renal failure by causing decreased renal blood flow?

    <p>Severe dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of narcotics in managing acute conditions related to nephrolithiasis?

    <p>Providing pain management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key symptom of cystitis?

    <p>Pain during and after urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to the formation of kidney stones?

    <p>Hyperuricemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition would most likely cause pain localized to the groin area?

    <p>Ureterolithiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended management strategy for patients with struvite stones?

    <p>Use antibiotics prophylactically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

    <p>Prolonged immobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary method to manage urinary stasis?

    <p>Encourage regular urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary recommendation would be beneficial for patients with calcium stones?

    <p>Acid ash diet with cranberry consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an indication for urine acidification?

    <p>To help with uric acid stone management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pain is usually associated with pyelonephritis?

    <p>Flank pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is associated with the management of hypercalcemia?

    <p>Increasing fluid intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the renal tubules with respect to regeneration?

    <p>Regenerate kidney tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results in increased hydrogen secretion and HCO3 reabsorption in the kidneys?

    <p>Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is most closely associated with urinary obstruction?

    <p>Weak stream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about serum creatinine is true?

    <p>It provides a specific indication of renal function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do loop diuretics have on electrolyte balance?

    <p>Excretes potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In renal failure, which of the following electrolytes is usually not elevated?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diuretic blocks sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule?

    <p>Thiazide diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of thiazide diuretics?

    <p>Hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is best for visualizing urinary tract obstructions?

    <p>IVP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main therapeutic effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in the kidneys?

    <p>Decrease production of carbonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is indicated by terminal dribbling?

    <p>Urinary obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What electrolyte imbalance commonly occurs with the use of loop diuretics?

    <p>Hypomagnesemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with chronic renal failure, which blood study value indicates a normal range for BUN?

    <p>20-30 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of incontinence?

    <p>Dysuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomy and Physiology of the Kidneys

    • Aldosterone plays a significant role in regulating sodium and potassium balance.
    • Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys, consisting of glomerulus, vasa recta, and kidney tubules.
    • Tubules have regenerative capacities, while glomeruli do not.

    Acid-Base Regulation

    • Acidosis leads to increased hydrogen secretion in kidney tubules, elevating HCO3 reabsorption.
    • Alkalosis results in decreased hydrogen secretion, reducing HCO3 reabsorption.

    Kidney Function Assessment

    • Evaluates excretory and tubular reabsorption of water, electrolytes, and wastes.
    • Secretory functions include active Vitamin D, renin, and erythropoietin production.

    Assessment Symptoms

    • Dysuria, frequency, urgency, and nocturia indicate potential irritation or obstruction.
    • Painless hematuria is notable; incontinence can manifest in various forms such as stress, urge, or overflow.

    Blood Studies

    • Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) normal range is 20-30 mg/dL; useful for kidney disease assessment.
    • Serum creatinine is a crucial measure for renal function, with a normal range of 0.5-1.5 mg/dL.
    • Serum electrolytes in chronic renal failure (CRF) show elevated levels except for calcium and bicarbonate.

    Diagnostic Imaging

    • Utilizes intravenous pyelography (IVP), MRI, and renal angiography for assessing kidney structure and function.

    Diuretic Classification

    • Loop Diuretics (e.g., Furosemide) inhibit sodium, chloride, and potassium reabsorption leading to hypokalemia.
    • Potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g., Spironolactone) promote sodium and water excretion while retaining potassium.
    • Thiazide diuretics block sodium reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule, causing hypokalemia and hyponatremia.

    Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

    • Commonly caused by E.coli; symptoms include fever/chills and pain assessment during urination.
    • Factors contributing to UTIs: female anatomy, poor hygiene, urinary stasis, and safe sexual practices.
    • Management includes increasing fluids, hygiene practices, and possibly antibiotics.

    Kidney Stones (Lithiasis)

    • Nephrolithiasis refers to kidney stones; often composed of calcium phosphate/oxalate or uric acid.
    • Risk factors include hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia, dehydration, and prolonged immobility.
    • Management involves increasing fluid intake, identifying stone type, and possible dietary adjustments.

    Renal Failure

    • Acute Renal Failure (ARF) is a sudden decline in kidney function, often reversible.
    • Clinical stages include oliguric-anuric phase, diuresis phase, and recovery period.
    • Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) is a progressive, irreversible deterioration leading to the need for dialysis or transplantation.

    Nursing Diagnoses in Renal Failure

    • Fluid volume excess related to decreased GFR and sodium retention.
    • Risk for infection due to compromised immunity.
    • Altered nutrition and electrolyte imbalances require careful management.

    Management Strategies

    • For CRF: restrict water and sodium, monitor ABGs, and provide supplements (vitamin D, calcium).
    • For ARF: maintain I&O balance, monitor weight, and provide dietary management.
    • Kidney transplant candidates undergo extensive testing (HLA, ABO) and preparation to avoid rejection and infection.

    Surgical Interventions

    • Procedures such as nephrolithotomy, ureterolithotomy, and cystolithotomy are performed for stone removal.
    • Post-operative monitoring includes increased hydration, ambulation encouragement, and complication observation.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the roles of aldosterone and the nephron in the anatomy and physiology of the kidneys. It focuses on the functional units, including glomerulus and renal tubules, as well as the effects of acidosis on hydrogen secretion. Test your knowledge on renal physiology!

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