Questions and Answers
What is cell specialization?
When a group of cells work together by performing individual tasks for large organs and tissues.
What is meant by homeostasis?
The tendency toward relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements.
What are tissues?
Distinct types of materials of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products.
What defines an organ?
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What are the four primary tissue types?
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What is nervous tissue composed of?
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What role does muscle tissue play in the body?
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What is the function of epithelial tissue?
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What does connective tissue do?
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What is histology?
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What are nuclei?
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What is a histological stain?
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What is the nervous system responsible for?
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What does the central nervous system consist of?
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What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
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What are neurons?
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What are neuroglial cells?
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What makes up a neuron?
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What is skeletal muscle tissue?
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What is cardiac muscle tissue?
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What is smooth muscle tissue?
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What defines striated muscle tissue?
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What are synapses?
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What is the function of the soma?
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Study Notes
Cell Specialization
- Cells work collaboratively by specializing in distinct tasks for larger organs and tissues.
Homeostasis
- Refers to the balance maintained between interdependent elements within the body.
Tissues
- Composed of specialized cells and their products; fundamental materials of plants and animals.
Organs
- Self-contained body parts with specific vital functions, formed by two or more types of tissues.
Four Primary Tissue Types
- Nervous, muscle, epithelial, and connective tissue are the main categories of tissue in the body.
Nervous Tissue
- Composed of neurons and neuroglial cells; crucial for body control and communication.
- Functions include sensing stimuli and transmitting electrical impulses.
Muscle Tissue
- Responsible for movement and heat generation; consists of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues.
- Highly vascularized, indicating abundant blood flow.
Epithelial Tissue
- Covers body surfaces and lines cavities; includes covering and lining epithelium.
- Protects the body and forms the outer layer of skin.
Connective Tissue
- Supports, connects, or separates different tissues and organs; plays a vital role in structural integrity.
Histology
- The scientific study focused on biological tissues and their organization and function.
Nuclei
- Refers to the plural of nucleus; a dense organelle in eukaryotic cells, encased in a double membrane, housing genetic material.
Histological Stain
- Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) are commonly used stains in histology; hematoxylin stains nuclei blue, while eosin stains cytoplasm pink.
Carmine
- A red dye extracted from crushed cochineal insects.
Nervous System
- Coordinates actions through signal transmission; comprises the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Central Nervous System
- Composed of the brain and spinal cord; central hub of neural processing.
Peripheral Nervous System
- Consists of nerves that connect the CNS to other body parts; transmits signals between them.
Neurons
- Electrically excitable cells responsible for processing and transmitting information via electrical and chemical signals.
Neuroglial Cells
- Non-neuronal cells supporting neurons; help maintain homeostasis, insulate, and connect neurons to blood vessels.
Neuron Anatomy
- Comprises a cell body, dendrites, and an axon, each fulfilling distinct roles in signal processing.
Cell Body
- Contains the cell’s organelles and DNA needed for sustenance and function.
Dendrites
- Branching extensions that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body.
Axon
- Long projection that transmits impulses from the cell body to other neurons or cells.
Types of Muscle Tissue
- Includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues, each with unique characteristics and functions.
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
- Striated and voluntary muscle; attached to bones via tendons; features long, multinucleate cells with evident striations.
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
- Involuntary striated muscle located in the heart; features branching cells with intercalated disks and one nucleus.
Smooth Muscle Tissue
- Involuntary and non-striated muscle; can be grouped as single-unit or multiunit; characterized by short, tapered cells without striations.
Striated Muscle Tissue
- Includes muscle tissues with repeating sarcomeres; involuntary contractions occur in cardiac muscle, while skeletal muscle contractions are generally voluntary.
Synapses
- Structures that allow neurons to transmit signals, either electrical or chemical, between each other.
Soma
- Part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for transporting motor and sensory information to and from the CNS.
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Description
This quiz features essential flashcards covering key concepts in Anatomy and Physiology 2. The cards address crucial topics such as cell specialization, homeostasis, and tissues, aiding in the understanding of human body functions. Perfect for students looking to enhance their knowledge in this field.
