Anatomy and Physiology 2 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is cell specialization?

When a group of cells work together by performing individual tasks for large organs and tissues.

What is meant by homeostasis?

The tendency toward relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements.

What are tissues?

Distinct types of materials of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products.

What defines an organ?

A part of an organism that has a specific vital function and is made up of two or more tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four primary tissue types?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is nervous tissue composed of?

Neurons and neuroglial cells. Signup and view all the answers

What role does muscle tissue play in the body?

Providing movement and heat generation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Covers body surfaces or lines body cavities. Signup and view all the answers

What does connective tissue do?

Supports, connects, or separates different types of tissues and organs. Signup and view all the answers

What is histology?

The study of body tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What are nuclei?

Dense organelles present in most eukaryotic cells containing genetic material. Signup and view all the answers

What is a histological stain?

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E stain). Signup and view all the answers

What is the nervous system responsible for?

Coordinating actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What does the central nervous system consist of?

The brain and spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

Nerves that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What are neurons?

Electrically excitable cells that process and transmit information. Signup and view all the answers

What are neuroglial cells?

Non-neuronal cells that support and protect neurons. Signup and view all the answers

What makes up a neuron?

Cell body, dendrites, and axon. Signup and view all the answers

What is skeletal muscle tissue?

Striated muscle tissue under voluntary control. Signup and view all the answers

What is cardiac muscle tissue?

Involuntary striated muscle found in the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What is smooth muscle tissue?

Involuntary non-striated muscle tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What defines striated muscle tissue?

Muscle tissue with repeating sarcomeres. Signup and view all the answers

What are synapses?

Structures that permit a neuron to pass signals to another neuron. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the soma?

Carries motor and sensory information to and from the central nervous system. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Specialization

Cells work collaboratively by specializing in distinct tasks for larger organs and tissues.

Homeostasis

Refers to the balance maintained between interdependent elements within the body.

Tissues

Composed of specialized cells and their products; fundamental materials of plants and animals.

Organs

Self-contained body parts with specific vital functions, formed by two or more types of tissues.

Four Primary Tissue Types

Nervous, muscle, epithelial, and connective tissue are the main categories of tissue in the body.

Nervous Tissue

Composed of neurons and neuroglial cells; crucial for body control and communication.
Functions include sensing stimuli and transmitting electrical impulses.

Muscle Tissue

Responsible for movement and heat generation; consists of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues.
Highly vascularized, indicating abundant blood flow.

Epithelial Tissue

Covers body surfaces and lines cavities; includes covering and lining epithelium.
Protects the body and forms the outer layer of skin.

Connective Tissue

Supports, connects, or separates different tissues and organs; plays a vital role in structural integrity.

Histology

The scientific study focused on biological tissues and their organization and function.

Nuclei

Refers to the plural of nucleus; a dense organelle in eukaryotic cells, encased in a double membrane, housing genetic material.

Histological Stain

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) are commonly used stains in histology; hematoxylin stains nuclei blue, while eosin stains cytoplasm pink.

Carmine

A red dye extracted from crushed cochineal insects.

Nervous System

Coordinates actions through signal transmission; comprises the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Central Nervous System

Composed of the brain and spinal cord; central hub of neural processing.

Peripheral Nervous System

Consists of nerves that connect the CNS to other body parts; transmits signals between them.

Neurons

Electrically excitable cells responsible for processing and transmitting information via electrical and chemical signals.

Neuroglial Cells

Non-neuronal cells supporting neurons; help maintain homeostasis, insulate, and connect neurons to blood vessels.

Neuron Anatomy

Comprises a cell body, dendrites, and an axon, each fulfilling distinct roles in signal processing.

Cell Body

Contains the cell’s organelles and DNA needed for sustenance and function.

Dendrites

Branching extensions that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body.

Axon

Long projection that transmits impulses from the cell body to other neurons or cells.

Types of Muscle Tissue

Includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues, each with unique characteristics and functions.

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Striated and voluntary muscle; attached to bones via tendons; features long, multinucleate cells with evident striations.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Involuntary striated muscle located in the heart; features branching cells with intercalated disks and one nucleus.

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Involuntary and non-striated muscle; can be grouped as single-unit or multiunit; characterized by short, tapered cells without striations.

Striated Muscle Tissue

Includes muscle tissues with repeating sarcomeres; involuntary contractions occur in cardiac muscle, while skeletal muscle contractions are generally voluntary.

Synapses

Structures that allow neurons to transmit signals, either electrical or chemical, between each other.

Soma

Part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for transporting motor and sensory information to and from the CNS.

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This quiz features essential flashcards covering key concepts in Anatomy and Physiology 2. The cards address crucial topics such as cell specialization, homeostasis, and tissues, aiding in the understanding of human body functions. Perfect for students looking to enhance their knowledge in this field.