Anatomy and Cellular Structure Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following defines a synthesis reaction?

  • A reaction that only absorbs energy.
  • A reaction that occurs in both directions.
  • A reaction where two or more simple elements or compounds combine to form a more complex product. (correct)
  • A reaction where one reactant breaks down into two or more products.

    • A decomposition reaction is also known as anabolism.

    False

    What is the term for the sum of all reactions that occur in each cell of the body?

    Metabolism

    The energy stored in chemical bonds and released during chemical reactions is known as _____ energy.

    <p>chemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of energy is associated with an object having motion?

    <p>Kinetic energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of reactions with their definitions:

    <p>Synthesis Reaction = A+B→AB Decomposition Reaction = AB→A+B Endothermic Reaction = Absorbs energy Reversible Reaction = Can occur in both directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Potential energy is the energy of an object due to its position.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of metabolism in the body?

    <p>To provide energy and synthesize new organic materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of organization involves the interaction of atoms to form molecules?

    <p>Chemical level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tissue level is composed of groups of organs that work together.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of feedback mechanisms mentioned?

    <p>Negative feedback and Positive feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ____ level is where different tissues combine to form organs.

    <p>organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following levels of organization with their descriptions:

    <p>Chemical level = Interaction of atoms to form molecules Cellular level = Basic structural and functional units of living things Tissue level = Groups of similar cells and surrounding materials Organ level = Combination of two or more tissue types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the systemic anatomy?

    <p>Focus on the anatomy of different organ systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An organism level represents any living thing as a whole.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The four basic tissue types include epithelial, connective, muscle, and ____.

    <p>nervous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do enzymes do to substrate molecules?

    <p>Stabilize the transition state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water is considered an acidic substance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range of solutions?

    <p>0 to 14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A mixture in which dispersed substances are unevenly distributed throughout is called a __________.

    <p>colloid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding strong acids and bases?

    <p>They dissociate almost completely when dissolved in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A solution with a pH less than 7 is considered basic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main attractive force that helps move fluids through the body?

    <p>hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Acid = Proton donor Base = Proton acceptor Colloid = Unevenly distributed mixture Suspension = Separates unless blended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

    <p>Structural component of cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unsaturated fats contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed during protein synthesis between amino acid molecules?

    <p>peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Triglycerides consist of one glycerol and _____ fatty acids.

    <p>three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major type of lipid?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of fats with their descriptions:

    <p>Saturated fats = Contain only single covalent bonds Unsaturated fats = Contain one or more double covalent bonds Monounsaturated fats = Contain one double bond Polyunsaturated fats = Contain multiple double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The active site of an enzyme is where reactants bind and are converted to products.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What model describes that a reaction occurs when reactants bind to the active site of an enzyme?

    <p>Lock-and-Key model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fats contain one double covalent bond between carbon atoms?

    <p>Monounsaturated fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trans fats are naturally occurring fats found in many plant oils.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of nucleic acids?

    <p>DNA and RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The basic building blocks of nucleic acids are called __________.

    <p>nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nitrogenous bases is found in RNA but not in DNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nitrogenous bases with their respective categories:

    <p>Adenine = Purine Cytosine = Pyrimidine Guanine = Purine Thymine = Pyrimidine Uracil = Pyrimidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural form does DNA take?

    <p>Double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amino acid molecules are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Levels of Organization in the Body

    • Chemical Level: Involves interactions and combinations of atoms like hydrogen and carbon to form molecules, representing the simplest level of organization.
    • Cellular Level: Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. Organelles within cells perform specific functions.
    • Tissue Level: Groups of similar cells form tissues, with four basic types:
      • Epithelial
      • Connective
      • Muscle
      • Nervous
    • Organ Level: Different tissues combine to form organs, each composed of two or more tissue types performing specific functions.
    • Organ System Level: Organs work together in organ systems, which is a group of organs cooperating for related functions.
    • Organism Level: Refers to any living entity, representing a whole composed of multiple organ systems.

    Feedback Mechanisms

    • Negative Feedback: Reduces any deviation from a set point to maintain stability (i.e., if a variable fluctuates, the response counteracts the change until the variable returns to normal).
    • Positive Feedback: Amplifies a response, leading to an increase in deviation (i.e., responses enhance original stimuli).

    Characteristics of Life

    • Organization: Refers to the specific interrelationships among parts of an organism, allowing them to perform functions.

    Body Cavities

    • Mediastinum: Middle cavity housing the heart, major blood vessels, and other structures (thymus, trachea, esophagus).
    • Abdominopelvic Cavity: Enclosed by abdominal muscles, divided into the superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity, and contains most digestive organs.

    Chemical Reactions

    • Synthesis Reaction (Anabolism): Two or more elements/compounds combine to form a more complex product (A + B → AB).
    • Decomposition Reaction (Catabolism): A reactant breaks down into multiple products (AB → A + B).

    Energy Types

    • Potential Energy: Energy stored due to position; measured in Joules.
    • Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion; also measured in Joules.
    • Chemical Energy: Energy stored in chemical bonds, released or absorbed during chemical reactions.

    Enzymes

    • Proteins that act as catalysts, increasing reaction rates without changing themselves.
    • Active Site: Specific region on an enzyme that binds substrates for reaction.
    • Lock-and-Key Model: Describes how substrates fit perfectly into the enzyme.
    • Induced Fit Model: Enzyme alters shape slightly to better fit substrates.

    Inorganic Chemistry

    • Focuses on compounds without carbon-hydrogen bonds, classifying compounds as acids, bases, salts, and oxides.

    Water and Biological Importance

    • Essential, clear, nontoxic liquid made of an oxygen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
    • Hydrogen Bonds: Attractive forces facilitating cohesion and adhesion; critical for fluid movement in biological systems.
    • Young female adults have about 50% water, while young males have approximately 60%.

    Acids and Bases

    • Acids: Proton donors, strong acids dissociate almost completely in water.
    • Bases: Proton acceptors, weak bases partially dissociate in water.

    pH Scale

    • Ranges from 0-14, with neutral solutions having equal H+ and OH- concentrations.
    • Acidic solutions (pH < 7) contain more H+ than OH-.
    • Basic solutions (pH > 7) have fewer H+ than OH-.

    Lipids

    • Provide protection, insulation, and are energy storage molecules.
    • Major classes include triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids, and fat-soluble vitamins.
    • Triglycerides: Comprise 95% of body fats; consist of glycerol and three fatty acids.

    Proteins

    • Large macromolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
    • Perform various functions: regulation, transportation, protection, muscular contraction, and structure.

    Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

    • Composed of nucleotides (monosaccharides, nitrogenous base, phosphate group).
    • DNA: Double-stranded, carries genetic material.
    • RNA: Single-stranded, plays a role in protein synthesis.

    Nitrogenous Bases

    • Components of nucleic acids:
      • Cytosine
      • Thymine (in DNA)
      • Uracil (in RNA)
      • Guanine
      • Adenine

    DNA Structure

    • Twisted ladder structure (double helix) formed by base pairing (A-T, C-G).
    • The information encoded in DNA determines protein structure.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the chemical and cellular levels of anatomy, focusing on how atoms combine to form molecules and the basic structural units of living organisms. Test your knowledge on gross anatomy and the essential functions of cells in the body.

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