Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the transvers ligament of the atlas?
What is the primary function of the transvers ligament of the atlas?
- To facilitate rotation of the skull
- To stabilize the cervical spine
- To connect the atlas to the skull
- To prevent dislocation of the first cervical vertebra (correct)
Which component is located on the medial surface of the lateral mass of the atlas?
Which component is located on the medial surface of the lateral mass of the atlas?
- Transvers ligament (correct)
- Basilar part
- Inferior band
- Superior band
What anatomical structure is associated with the superior band?
What anatomical structure is associated with the superior band?
- Transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae
- Dorsal arch of vertebra
- Lateral mass of coccyx
- Basilar part of occipital bone (correct)
Which of the following statements about the transvers ligament is true?
Which of the following statements about the transvers ligament is true?
Where is the thick portion of the transvers ligament of the atlas primarily found?
Where is the thick portion of the transvers ligament of the atlas primarily found?
What is the primary function of the rectus sheath?
What is the primary function of the rectus sheath?
Which layer is located just deep to the skin?
Which layer is located just deep to the skin?
What structural change occurs in the rectus sheath inferior to the arcuate line?
What structural change occurs in the rectus sheath inferior to the arcuate line?
What connects Scarpa's fascia to the rectus sheath?
What connects Scarpa's fascia to the rectus sheath?
Which layer is NOT present in the posterior lamina of the rectus sheath inferior to the arcuate line?
Which layer is NOT present in the posterior lamina of the rectus sheath inferior to the arcuate line?
What type of joint is the lateral atlantoaxial joint?
What type of joint is the lateral atlantoaxial joint?
Which ligament runs from the posterior arch of the atlas to the axis?
Which ligament runs from the posterior arch of the atlas to the axis?
What is the primary function of the alar ligaments?
What is the primary function of the alar ligaments?
Which anatomical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?
Which anatomical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?
Which ligament serves as a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament to the skull?
Which ligament serves as a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament to the skull?
In anatomical terminology, which term describes a position closer to the surface of the body?
In anatomical terminology, which term describes a position closer to the surface of the body?
What type of joint is formed between the atlas and the occipital bone?
What type of joint is formed between the atlas and the occipital bone?
Which of the following movements is described as the raising of a body part superiorly?
Which of the following movements is described as the raising of a body part superiorly?
What direction does the anterior atlantooccipital membrane run from?
What direction does the anterior atlantooccipital membrane run from?
What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?
What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?
What is the primary type of movement allowed by uncovertebral joints?
What is the primary type of movement allowed by uncovertebral joints?
Which term refers to a movement that involves the rotation of the forearm resulting in the palm facing downward?
Which term refers to a movement that involves the rotation of the forearm resulting in the palm facing downward?
Which statement about the cruciate ligament of the atlas is incorrect?
Which statement about the cruciate ligament of the atlas is incorrect?
Which directional term is used to describe a structure that is situated on the opposite side of the body?
Which directional term is used to describe a structure that is situated on the opposite side of the body?
In which position is the body lying face up?
In which position is the body lying face up?
What is the relationship of the term 'distal' in anatomical terminology?
What is the relationship of the term 'distal' in anatomical terminology?
Which of the following is not a subdivision of anatomy?
Which of the following is not a subdivision of anatomy?
Which movement involves moving a limb away from the midline of the body?
Which movement involves moving a limb away from the midline of the body?
What type of joint is formed by the articulation of the rib with the costal cartilage?
What type of joint is formed by the articulation of the rib with the costal cartilage?
What function do costochondral joints primarily serve?
What function do costochondral joints primarily serve?
During inhalation, which direction do the ribs move?
During inhalation, which direction do the ribs move?
Which ligaments support the anterior intervertebral joint?
Which ligaments support the anterior intervertebral joint?
What is the structural classification of the posterior intervertebral joint?
What is the structural classification of the posterior intervertebral joint?
The main function of the anterior intervertebral joint is described as what type of movement?
The main function of the anterior intervertebral joint is described as what type of movement?
In the craniovertebral joints, what structure allows for substantial rotation of the head?
In the craniovertebral joints, what structure allows for substantial rotation of the head?
The supraspinous ligament primarily serves which function?
The supraspinous ligament primarily serves which function?
Which anatomical structure is responsible for limiting back bending in the vertebral column?
Which anatomical structure is responsible for limiting back bending in the vertebral column?
What is the structure of the costovertebral joint?
What is the structure of the costovertebral joint?
The ligamentum nucha is a continuation of which ligament?
The ligamentum nucha is a continuation of which ligament?
Which of the following movements is facilitated by the costotransverse joint?
Which of the following movements is facilitated by the costotransverse joint?
What type of joint is primarily responsible for allowing lateral bending of the vertebral column?
What type of joint is primarily responsible for allowing lateral bending of the vertebral column?
Which part of the rib articulates with the costovertebral joint?
Which part of the rib articulates with the costovertebral joint?
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Study Notes
Anatomy
- Study of the structure and relationships between structures
- Subdivisions: surface, gross, systemic, regional, radiographic, developmental
- Regional: head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs
- Lower limb: gluteal, thigh, knee, leg, ankle, foot
- Regional: head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs
Anatomical Terminology
- Anatomical Position: Allows consistent and precise anatomical references
- Body upright, standing erect facing observer, head/eyes facing forward, feet flat forward, upper limbs to the sides, palms turned forward
- Recline Position:
- Prone: lying face down
- Supine: lying face up
- Recumbant or decubitus: side lying
- Planes and Sections:
- Sagittal plane: vertical plane (divides right and left)
- Midsagittal (median): equal divide
- Parasagittal: unequal divide
- Frontal or coronal plane: anterior (front) or posterior (back)
- Transverse or cross-sectional or horizontal plane: superior (upper) or inferior (lower)
- Oblique plane: passes through at an angle (between transverse/sagittal or transverse/frontal)
- Sagittal plane: vertical plane (divides right and left)
- Directional Terms: Precisely locate one part of the body relative to another
- Dorsal (behind) vs Ventral (in front)
- Distal (further from origin) vs Proximal (closer to origin)
- Cephalad (head) vs Caudal (tail end)
- Superficial vs Deep
- External vs Internal
- Ipsilateral (same side of body) vs Contralateral (opposite side of body)
- Bilateral (both sides) vs Unilateral (one side)
- Palmar vs Dorsum (hand)
- Plantar vs Dorsum (foot)
- Medial vs Lateral
- Terms of Movement:
- Flexion: bending or decreasing the angle vs Extension: straightening or increasing the angle
- Abduction: moving away from the axis (+Horizontal for shoulder/hip) vs Adduction: moving towards the axis (+Horizontal for shoulder/hip)
- Rotation: around the longitudinal axis (medial/internal or lateral/external)
- Circumduction: combination of movement
- Protraction: move anteriorly (roll shoulders forward) vs Retraction: move posteriorly (roll shoulder back)
- Elevation: raising superiorly vs Depression: lowering interiorly
- Supination: forearm rotated laterally (palm up) vs Pronation: forearm rotated medially (palm down)
- Ulnar deviation: adduction of wrist vs Radial deviation: abduction of wrist
- Opposition: thumb moves medially to meet other fingers vs Reposition: thumb back to neutral
- Eversion: plantar surface of foot moves laterally vs Inversion: plantar surface of foot moves medially
- Dorsiflexion: bend ankle towards shin vs Plantar flexion: bend ankle towards posterior
Skeletal System
- 2 divisions:
- Axial: central core (80 bones -- longitudinal axis)
- Appendicular: bones of upper and lower limbs and bones that attach limbs to axial skeleton (126 bones -- upper, lower, pelvic and pectoral girdles)
- Functions:
- Protection for vital structures
- Movement
- Support the body and vital cavities
- Mineral deposition (storage for salts)
- Blood element production
- Energy storage
- Cartilage: semi-rigid and found where flexibility is required (eg. 2 Lateral atlantoaxial joint: superior articular facet of the axis and the inferior articular facet of the lateral mass of atlas)
Lateral Atlantoaxial Joint
- Structure: synovial planar joint
- Ligaments:
- Anterior atlantoaxial ligament: strong membrane, fixed, runs from the anterior arch of the atlas to the front axis body
- Posterior atlantoaxial ligament: broad, thin membrane, runs from the posterior arch of the atlas to the axis (instead of ligamentum flavum)
- Cruciate ligament of the atlas:
- Transverse ligament of the atlas: thick, broad, attached to small tubercle on medial surface of lateral mass of atlas (holds dens on anterior arch -- wraps posteriorly)
- Superior band: attached to basilar part of occipital bone
- Inferior band: attached to the posterior surface of axis body
- Tectorial membrane: continuation of the PLL to the skull (covers cruciate)
- Alar ligaments: on either side of the dens, attaches medial sides of dens to the sides of the occipital bones
- Prevents side to side rocking of the dens
- Ligamentum nuchae: continues to connect the spinous processes
Atlantooccipital Joint
- Articulation of the atlas with the occipital bone
- Structure: synovial condyloid joint
- Movement: biaxial -- flexion/extension and slight lateral flexion
- Ligaments:
- Anterior atlantooccipital membrane: between the inferior border of the foramen magnum and the superior border of the anterior arch of the atlas
- Posterior atlantooccipital membrane: between the inferior border of the foramen magnum an the superior border of the posterior arch of the atlas
Uncovertebral Joints
- Articulate with the uncinate processes of the cervical vertebrae (C3-C7)
- Structure: synovial planar joint (permit flexion and extension, limits lateral flexion)
Costochondral Joints
- The rib articulates with the costal cartilage
- Structure: synchondrosis (permit flexibility)
- Function: synarthrosis
- Sternocostal, costotransverse, costovertebral joints move ribs in superior and lateral direction (bucket handle) - Breath in: expansion of ribs superiorly and laterally
- Sternocostal: pulls sternum in anterior/superior direction (pump handle)
Abdominal Wall Layers
- Skin
- Camper's fascia
- Scarpa's fascia
- External oblique muscle
- Internal oblique muscle
- Transversus abdominis muscle
- Transversalis fascia
- Extraperitoneal fat
- Parietal peritoneum
Camper's Fascia
- Thick superficial layer of adipose and areolar connective tissue
- Just deep to the skin
- More prominent in lower abdomen (inferior to umbilicus)
Scarpa's fascia
- Deep membranous layer
- Between camper's fascia and rectus sheath
- Lateral anchor: aponeurosis of external oblique
- Medial anchor: linea alba of rectus sheath
Rectus Sheath
- Protective covering over rectus abdominis
- Composed of aponeurosis of 3 flat muscles as they form the median linea alba
- Durable, resilient, fibrous compartment that contains and protects the rectus abdominis
- Composition changes inferior to the arcuate line
- Arcuate line: ½ of the distance between umbilicus and pubic symphysis
- Aponeuroses pass anterior to rectus abdominis
- Internal rectus abdominis is in direct contact with transversalis fascia
- Thin connective tissue between transversalis and parietal peritoneum posteriorly
- Superior to arcuate line:
- Anterior lamina: aponeurosis of external oblique + anterior ½ of aponeurosis of internal oblique
- Posterior lamina: aponeurosis of transversus + posterior ½ of aponeurosis of internal oblique
- Inferior to arcuate line:
- Anterior lamina: aponeurosis of all 3 muscles
- Posterior lamina: no aponeurosis, just transversalis fascia
Transversalis Fascia
- Located deep to the rectus abdominis muscle
Extraperitoneal Fat
- Located between parietal peritoneum and transversalis fascia
Parietal Peritoneum
- Lines the abdominal cavity
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