Anatomy and Anatomical Terminology

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the transvers ligament of the atlas?

To facilitate rotation of the skull

To stabilize the cervical spine

To connect the atlas to the skull

To prevent dislocation of the first cervical vertebra (correct)

Which component is located on the medial surface of the lateral mass of the atlas?

Transvers ligament (correct)

Basilar part

Inferior band

Superior band

What anatomical structure is associated with the superior band?

Transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae

Dorsal arch of vertebra

Lateral mass of coccyx

Basilar part of occipital bone (correct)

Which of the following statements about the transvers ligament is true?

It is situated between the atlas and axis Signup and view all the answers

Where is the thick portion of the transvers ligament of the atlas primarily found?

On either side of the small tubercle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the rectus sheath?

It serves as a protective covering over the rectus abdominis. Signup and view all the answers

Which layer is located just deep to the skin?

Camper's fascia Signup and view all the answers

What structural change occurs in the rectus sheath inferior to the arcuate line?

The aponeuroses pass anterior to the rectus abdominis. Signup and view all the answers

What connects Scarpa's fascia to the rectus sheath?

Linea alba Signup and view all the answers

Which layer is NOT present in the posterior lamina of the rectus sheath inferior to the arcuate line?

Aponeurosis of transversus abdominis Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the lateral atlantoaxial joint?

Synovial planar joint Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament runs from the posterior arch of the atlas to the axis?

Posterior atlantoaxial ligament Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the alar ligaments?

To prevent side to side rocking of the dens Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?

Frontal or coronal plane Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament serves as a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament to the skull?

Tectorial membrane Signup and view all the answers

In anatomical terminology, which term describes a position closer to the surface of the body?

Superficial Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is formed between the atlas and the occipital bone?

Synovial condyloid joint Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements is described as the raising of a body part superiorly?

Elevation Signup and view all the answers

What direction does the anterior atlantooccipital membrane run from?

From the foramen magnum to the anterior arch of the atlas Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?

Protection of vital organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary type of movement allowed by uncovertebral joints?

Limited flexion and extension while restricting lateral flexion Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a movement that involves the rotation of the forearm resulting in the palm facing downward?

Pronation Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the cruciate ligament of the atlas is incorrect?

It directly connects the atlas to the cervical vertebrae. Signup and view all the answers

Which directional term is used to describe a structure that is situated on the opposite side of the body?

Contralateral Signup and view all the answers

In which position is the body lying face up?

Supine Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship of the term 'distal' in anatomical terminology?

Farther from the trunk Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a subdivision of anatomy?

Categorical anatomy Signup and view all the answers

Which movement involves moving a limb away from the midline of the body?

Abduction Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is formed by the articulation of the rib with the costal cartilage?

Synchondrosis Signup and view all the answers

What function do costochondral joints primarily serve?

Permit flexibility Signup and view all the answers

During inhalation, which direction do the ribs move?

Superiorly and laterally Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments support the anterior intervertebral joint?

Anterior longitudinal ligament Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural classification of the posterior intervertebral joint?

Synovial planar Signup and view all the answers

The main function of the anterior intervertebral joint is described as what type of movement?

Amphiarthrodial Signup and view all the answers

In the craniovertebral joints, what structure allows for substantial rotation of the head?

Lateral atlantoaxial joint Signup and view all the answers

The supraspinous ligament primarily serves which function?

Strengthen the posterior aspect of the spinal column Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structure is responsible for limiting back bending in the vertebral column?

Anterior longitudinal ligament Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of the costovertebral joint?

Synovial planar Signup and view all the answers

The ligamentum nucha is a continuation of which ligament?

Supraspinous ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements is facilitated by the costotransverse joint?

Superior and lateral movement of ribs Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is primarily responsible for allowing lateral bending of the vertebral column?

Synovial planar joints Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the rib articulates with the costovertebral joint?

Rib head Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy

Study of the structure and relationships between structures
Subdivisions: surface, gross, systemic, regional, radiographic, developmental
- Regional: head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs
  - Lower limb: gluteal, thigh, knee, leg, ankle, foot

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position: Allows consistent and precise anatomical references
- Body upright, standing erect facing observer, head/eyes facing forward, feet flat forward, upper limbs to the sides, palms turned forward
Recline Position:
- Prone: lying face down
- Supine: lying face up
- Recumbant or decubitus: side lying
Planes and Sections:
- Sagittal plane: vertical plane (divides right and left)
  - Midsagittal (median): equal divide
  - Parasagittal: unequal divide
- Frontal or coronal plane: anterior (front) or posterior (back)
- Transverse or cross-sectional or horizontal plane: superior (upper) or inferior (lower)
- Oblique plane: passes through at an angle (between transverse/sagittal or transverse/frontal)
Directional Terms: Precisely locate one part of the body relative to another
- Dorsal (behind) vs Ventral (in front)
- Distal (further from origin) vs Proximal (closer to origin)
- Cephalad (head) vs Caudal (tail end)
- Superficial vs Deep
- External vs Internal
- Ipsilateral (same side of body) vs Contralateral (opposite side of body)
- Bilateral (both sides) vs Unilateral (one side)
- Palmar vs Dorsum (hand)
- Plantar vs Dorsum (foot)
- Medial vs Lateral
Terms of Movement:
- Flexion: bending or decreasing the angle vs Extension: straightening or increasing the angle
- Abduction: moving away from the axis (+Horizontal for shoulder/hip) vs Adduction: moving towards the axis (+Horizontal for shoulder/hip)
- Rotation: around the longitudinal axis (medial/internal or lateral/external)
- Circumduction: combination of movement
- Protraction: move anteriorly (roll shoulders forward) vs Retraction: move posteriorly (roll shoulder back)
- Elevation: raising superiorly vs Depression: lowering interiorly
- Supination: forearm rotated laterally (palm up) vs Pronation: forearm rotated medially (palm down)
- Ulnar deviation: adduction of wrist vs Radial deviation: abduction of wrist
- Opposition: thumb moves medially to meet other fingers vs Reposition: thumb back to neutral
- Eversion: plantar surface of foot moves laterally vs Inversion: plantar surface of foot moves medially
- Dorsiflexion: bend ankle towards shin vs Plantar flexion: bend ankle towards posterior

Skeletal System

2 divisions:
- Axial: central core (80 bones -- longitudinal axis)
- Appendicular: bones of upper and lower limbs and bones that attach limbs to axial skeleton (126 bones -- upper, lower, pelvic and pectoral girdles)
Functions:
- Protection for vital structures
- Movement
- Support the body and vital cavities
- Mineral deposition (storage for salts)
- Blood element production
- Energy storage
Cartilage: semi-rigid and found where flexibility is required (eg. 2 Lateral atlantoaxial joint: superior articular facet of the axis and the inferior articular facet of the lateral mass of atlas)

Lateral Atlantoaxial Joint

Structure: synovial planar joint
Ligaments:
- Anterior atlantoaxial ligament: strong membrane, fixed, runs from the anterior arch of the atlas to the front axis body
- Posterior atlantoaxial ligament: broad, thin membrane, runs from the posterior arch of the atlas to the axis (instead of ligamentum flavum)
- Cruciate ligament of the atlas:
  - Transverse ligament of the atlas: thick, broad, attached to small tubercle on medial surface of lateral mass of atlas (holds dens on anterior arch -- wraps posteriorly)
  - Superior band: attached to basilar part of occipital bone
  - Inferior band: attached to the posterior surface of axis body
- Tectorial membrane: continuation of the PLL to the skull (covers cruciate)
- Alar ligaments: on either side of the dens, attaches medial sides of dens to the sides of the occipital bones
  - Prevents side to side rocking of the dens
- Ligamentum nuchae: continues to connect the spinous processes

Atlantooccipital Joint

Articulation of the atlas with the occipital bone
Structure: synovial condyloid joint
Movement: biaxial -- flexion/extension and slight lateral flexion
Ligaments:
- Anterior atlantooccipital membrane: between the inferior border of the foramen magnum and the superior border of the anterior arch of the atlas
- Posterior atlantooccipital membrane: between the inferior border of the foramen magnum an the superior border of the posterior arch of the atlas

Uncovertebral Joints

Articulate with the uncinate processes of the cervical vertebrae (C3-C7)
Structure: synovial planar joint (permit flexion and extension, limits lateral flexion)

Costochondral Joints

The rib articulates with the costal cartilage
Structure: synchondrosis (permit flexibility)
Function: synarthrosis
Sternocostal, costotransverse, costovertebral joints move ribs in superior and lateral direction (bucket handle) - Breath in: expansion of ribs superiorly and laterally
Sternocostal: pulls sternum in anterior/superior direction (pump handle)

Abdominal Wall Layers

Skin
Camper's fascia
Scarpa's fascia
External oblique muscle
Internal oblique muscle
Transversus abdominis muscle
Transversalis fascia
Extraperitoneal fat
Parietal peritoneum

Camper's Fascia

Thick superficial layer of adipose and areolar connective tissue
Just deep to the skin
More prominent in lower abdomen (inferior to umbilicus)

Scarpa's fascia

Deep membranous layer
Between camper's fascia and rectus sheath
Lateral anchor: aponeurosis of external oblique
Medial anchor: linea alba of rectus sheath

Rectus Sheath

Protective covering over rectus abdominis
Composed of aponeurosis of 3 flat muscles as they form the median linea alba
Durable, resilient, fibrous compartment that contains and protects the rectus abdominis
Composition changes inferior to the arcuate line
- Arcuate line: ½ of the distance between umbilicus and pubic symphysis
- Aponeuroses pass anterior to rectus abdominis
  - Internal rectus abdominis is in direct contact with transversalis fascia
  - Thin connective tissue between transversalis and parietal peritoneum posteriorly
Superior to arcuate line:
- Anterior lamina: aponeurosis of external oblique + anterior ½ of aponeurosis of internal oblique
- Posterior lamina: aponeurosis of transversus + posterior ½ of aponeurosis of internal oblique
Inferior to arcuate line:
- Anterior lamina: aponeurosis of all 3 muscles
- Posterior lamina: no aponeurosis, just transversalis fascia

Transversalis Fascia

Located deep to the rectus abdominis muscle

Extraperitoneal Fat

Located between parietal peritoneum and transversalis fascia

Parietal Peritoneum

Lines the abdominal cavity

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of anatomy, including the study of various body structures and their relationships. It explores different anatomical positions, planes, and sections that enhance our understanding of human anatomy. Test your knowledge on regional anatomy and the terminology used in anatomical references.