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Questions and Answers
What position describes the body lying on its back?
What is the anatomical term for lying on the face?
prone
The median plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.
True
Body lying on its side is known as __________.
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Which of the following describes the function of superficial fascia?
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Match the following terms of position to their descriptions:
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What is the anatomical term for a structure located towards the center of the body?
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Deep fascia is an elastic membrane of loose connective tissue.
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What type of ossification involves bones developing directly from a connective tissue membrane?
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What is the primary function of bones?
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Bones of the skull, mandible, and vertebral column are part of the __________ skeleton.
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Study Notes
Anatomical Positions
- Anatomical erect: Body stands upright, eyes forward, limbs hanging, palms facing forward, thumbs laterally directed.
- Supine: Body lies on its back.
- Prone: Body lies on its face.
- Lat.decubitus: Body lies on its side (right or left).
- Lithotomy: Body on back, with hips and knees flexed, and hips abducted.
Anatomical Planes
- Median (sagittal): Vertical plane dividing the body longitudinally into equal right and left halves.
- Paramedian: Parallel to the median plane.
- Coronal (frontal): Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
- Horizontal: Transverse plane dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
Terms of Position
- Anterior (ventral): In front (near the front).
- Posterior (dorsal) (retro): Behind (near the back).
- Superior (upper) (cranial): Near the upper end.
- Inferior (lower) (caudal): Near the lower end.
- Median: In the midline or median plane.
- Medial: Near the median plane.
- Lateral: Away from the median plane.
- Proximal: Near the root of a limb.
- Distal: Away from the root of a limb.
- Superficial: Towards the skin or body surface.
- Internal (inner): Inside an organ or the body.
- Deep: Away from the skin or body surface.
- External (outer): On the surface of an organ or the body.
- Peri: Around.
Terms of Number
- Uni / Mono: One
- Bi / Di: Two
- Tri: Three
- Quadri: Four
- Multi / Poly: Many
- Oligo: Few
Fascia
- Definition: Connective tissue beneath the skin, categorized into superficial, deep, and internal fasciae.
Superficial Fascia
- Nature: Loose connective tissue just beneath the skin, allowing skin to move freely over underlying structures.
- Distribution: Variable fat content, more in females. Abundant in breasts, anterior abdominal wall, and gluteal region; less in limbs; absent in the eyelid, penis, and scrotum.
- Functions:
- Softens and smoothens the body surface.
- Facilitates skin movement on underlying structures.
- Serves as a thermal insulator, preventing heat loss.
- Conducts nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics supplying the skin.
- Houses muscles, such as facial expression muscles.
- Contains glands, such as the mammary gland.
Deep Fascia
- Nature: Inelastic membrane of compact and regular collagen fibers.
- Distribution: Well-defined in limbs, strong in the palm and sole, absent in the face and anterior abdominal wall.
- Functions:
- Formation of broad sheets: Surround muscle groups, fixing underlying structures in position, providing attachment for some muscles, and aiding venous return.
- Formation of intermuscular septa and interosseous membranes: Separate different muscle groups with different actions and nerve supply, increasing surface area for muscle attachment.
- Formation of retinacula: Thickened transverse bands at the wrist and ankle, keeping tendons in place.
- Formation of palmar and plantar aponeurosis: Thick strong layers protecting vessels, nerves, and tendons.
- Formation of fibrous sheaths around large vessels: For example, the carotid sheath around carotid arteries, the internal jugular vein, and the vagus nerve in the neck.
Clinical Importance of Fascia
- Understanding deep fascia arrangement helps explain how infection can spread, for example, from the floor of the mouth to the larynx.
- Fluid accumulation within the superficial fascia leads to edema.
- Skin mobilization following incision occurs at the superficial fascia layer, and incision along skin creases minimizes scarring.
Skeletal System
Bones
-
Definition: Hard connective tissue forming the skeleton.
-
Functions:
- Providing specific shape and the central axis.
- Protecting vital organs (skull for the brain, thoracic cage for the heart and lungs).
- Surface area for muscle attachment and joint formation (essential components of the locomotor system).
- Supporting and transmitting body weight, from the vertebral column to the bony pelvis, lower limbs, feet, and ground.
- Producing blood elements in bone marrow, and storing calcium.
-
Classification:
- A) By position in the body:
- Axial skeleton: Skull, mandible, hyoid, sternum, ribs, and vertebral column.
- Appendicular (peripheral) skeleton: Bones of the upper and lower limbs.
- B) By ossification process (bone formation):
- Intra-membranous ossification: Bones develop directly from connective tissue membrane (mesenchyme), for example, the skull cap and clavicle. This occurs at one or more ossification sites.
- Intra-cartilaginous ossification: Connective tissue first forms cartilage...
- A) By position in the body:
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Description
Test your knowledge on anatomical positions and planes with this quiz. You'll learn about various body orientations, as well as the different planes that divide the human body. Perfect for anatomy students looking to reinforce their understanding of foundational concepts.
