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What is the primary focus of human anatomy?
Anatomy is considered an observational science.
True
What are some major activities in the study of anatomy?
Observation, identification, describing, recording, and using anatomical knowledge to understand or solve problems
In anatomy, to describe or discuss a structure means to write or talk about it ___ and ___ in the language of the subject.
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What does the term perspective refer to?
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What does the term biomechanics refer to?
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What does topographical anatomy refer to?
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What allows the hand to rotate?
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Which muscle type is important for precision movements in the hand?
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The skin on the palmar surface is adapted for Grip (surface friction).
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Match the Upper Limb Region with its corresponding function in manipulation:
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Regarding the terminology used in describing the upper limb and manipulation, which statement is correct?
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Regarding the regional contribution to manipulation in the upper limb, which statement is correct?
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Regarding the contribution of the hand to manipulation, which statement is correct?
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Which term is used to describe structures that have a similar developmental origin?
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What is the term used for the action of taking hold of an object usually with the hand?
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Redundancy in movement refers to having multiple combinations of joint positions to achieve a specific limb position.
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Stability is the lack of deformity or movement in a structure when __________ is applied.
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Match the following hand grips with their descriptions:
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What is the name of the space located below the shoulder joint between the arm and the chest wall?
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Which muscle acts on the shoulder joint for medial rotation and stabilization?
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The _____ nerve passes through the quadrangular space.
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The muscles infraspinatus and teres minor are known as the tendinous cuff muscles.
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How many metacarpal bones are there in the hand?
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Which bones are included in the proximal row of carpal bones?
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The carpometacarpal joints 2-5 allow for extensive movements.
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The ____________ joint allows the palm or platform of the hand to cup slightly.
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Which of the following best describes the proximal attachments of biceps brachii?
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Regarding the shoulder joint, which statement is true?
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In the arm region, which of the following muscles attaches the pectoral girdle to the humerus?
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Which of the following combination of actions at the shoulder joint best describes teres minor?
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The ______ muscle is located superficially in the shoulder region.
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The radial nerve travels in the intertubercular sulcus.
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Which of the following best describes the action of pronator teres?
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Which of the following statements about the radio-carpal joint is correct?
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Regarding the forearm muscles, which of the following statements is true?
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Which of the following best describes the action of flexor carpi radialis at the wrist joint?
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A formative assessment regarding the radius: Which statement is accurate?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Musculoskeletal Anatomy
- Anatomy is the study of biological structures, focusing on macroscopic structures in modern humans.
- It involves observation, identification, description, recording, and using anatomical knowledge to understand or solve problems.
Approaches to Description and Discussion
- Identify: recognize and name a structure, including its individual characteristics (size, shape, components, etc.) and relationships.
- Describe: clearly and concisely explain the structure's appearance, individual features, and relationships.
- Discuss: broader term that includes description, external relationships, functional mechanisms, and perspectives.
Systems Anatomy
- Involves the study of individual structures, approached through tissue systems (e.g., bones, joints, muscles) or physiological systems (e.g., cardiovascular, respiratory).
Topographical Anatomy
- Involves the study of regions and the relationships of structures within the region, including boundaries, contents, and relationships.
Classification of Musculoskeletal Structures
- Bones: development, shape, location, and classification.
- Joints: classification, bones forming, articular surfaces, and movements.
- Muscles: classification, size, shape, location, attachments, and actions.
- Supply: nerves, arteries, and veins.
General Function of Musculoskeletal Structures
- Bones: transfer force, form joints, attach muscles, and protect.
- Joints: allow and direct movement.
- Muscles: produce, control, and direct movement, and provide protection.
- Nerves: activate muscles, sense internal and external environments.
- Vessels: provide nutrition, remove metabolites, and regulate heat.
Levels of Structure and Function
- Functions can occur in combinations, sequences, and at various levels, including overall, regional, and individual structure levels.
Perspectives in Macroscopic Anatomy
- Perspectives contribute a further dimension to the discussion of structures, considering how information will be used and how it will be employed in problem-solving.
- Examples include historical, evolutionary, embryological, contemporary function, applied, biomechanical, and other perspectives.
References
- Clinically Oriented Anatomy by Moore and Dalley.
- Terminologia Anatomica.
- Leonardo da Vinci's works on anatomy.
- Other sources on anatomy, embryology, and biomechanics.### Early Anatomists and Biomechanics
- Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564): a medical practitioner and anatomist who produced accurate illustrations of human anatomy and advocated for trusting one's own observations over textbooks.
- Giovanni Borelli (1608-1679): an Italian physicist and mathematician who applied mechanical principles to biological structures and functions, a precursor to biomechanics.
- Georges Cuvier (1769-1832): a French anatomist who compared the structure and function of animal fossils and emphasized the importance of understanding the relationship between structure and function.
- Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): a polymath who made detailed topographical anatomical drawings of human structures, including the limbs, and is considered one of the earliest anatomists.
Upper Limb Function and Structure
- The upper limb has five main functions: manipulation, sensation, communication, cosmetic, and locomotion (although it is not habitually used in locomotion).
- The upper limb is a flexible set of levers with a grasping device at the distal end.
- The hand is particularly adapted for grip, with a large motor and sensory innervation, and a large representation in the brain.
Regions of the Upper Limb
- Shoulder: provides a large range of movement to the upper limb, with six major directions of movement (3 axes).
- Arm: acts on the elbow joint, with muscles contributing to supination at the radio-ulna joints.
- Elbow: a stable hinge joint allowing flexion and extension, which alters the effective length of the limb and allows the hand to move to and from the body surface.
- Forearm: contains two radio-ulnar joints, which are pivot joints allowing pronation and supination, and enable the plane of the hand to move.
- Wrist: an ellipsoid joint with four major directions of movement, which allows the hand to adjust or alter its plane without moving the whole upper limb.
- Hand: has many small bones and joints, with many small intrinsic hand muscles, and a large motor and sensory innervation.
Hand Function and Structure
- The hand has a proximal cupped platform formed by the carpal and medial four metacarpal bones, and distally, four opposing bendable spreadable digits (due to the many joints) and a fifth lateral bendable mobile digit, the thumb.
- The finger pads are particularly involved in grasping small objects, and are devoid of muscle tissue, covered with thick skin, and have a good somatic sensory innervation.
- The hand bones allow force transfer, and the joints allow flexion and lateral movement, and the thumb to rotate.
- The extrinsic muscles are important in the power grip, and the intrinsic muscles are important in precision movements.
- The hand has a large representation in the cerebral cortex, and the skin on the palmar surface is adapted for grip (surface friction).
Muscle Action and Movement
- Muscles act to produce movement, stabilize joints, and control or slow down movements.
- Muscle action is affected by the initial posture, direction of gravity, speed of movement, and any resisting factors.
- Redundancy in movement refers to the ability to place a part of the limb or hand in a given position using more than one combination of joint positions.
- Movement is also affected by the relationship between the bones at the point of articulation, ligaments, and the action of some muscles.
Learning Outcomes
- Define the terms systems description, topographical description, function, perspective, topic of interest, describe, discuss, and levels of structure and function.
- Discuss the principles of systems and topographical description.
- Discuss the general characteristics of bones, joints, and muscles.
- Acquire the skills, knowledge, and private study required to meet the learning outcomes.### Upper Limb Regions
- The upper limb regions include:
- Scapula
- Shoulder joint
- Arm
- Forearm
- Wrist
- Hand
- Each region contains supply structures that act in the region or are in transit
Muscle Contraction
- Types of muscle contractions:
- Isometric contraction: force created with the muscle remaining the same length
- Stability
- Isotonic contraction: force created with the muscle shortening or lengthening under constant load
- Mobility
- Concentric contraction: force created with the muscle shortening
- Mobility
- Eccentric contraction: force created with the muscle lengthening
- Braking, slowing movement against gravity and external forces
- Isometric contraction: force created with the muscle remaining the same length
Muscle Role
- Types of muscle roles:
- Prime Mover (Agonist): a muscle producing a desired movement
- Antagonist: a muscle opposing or potentially opposing a desired movement
- Fixator: a muscle stabilizing joints sometimes at a distance from a desired movement
- Synergist (Neutraliser): a muscle which limits an undesired aspect of another muscle's movement
Muscle Mechanics
- Types of levers:
- First Class Lever: joint between muscle and load
- M-J-L
- Eg: AOJ extension, scissors
- Second Class Lever: load between the joint and the muscle
- M-L-J
- Eg: Foot at TO, wheelbarrow
- Third Class Lever: muscle between the joint and the load
- J-M-L
- Eg: EJ flexion, tweezers
- First Class Lever: joint between muscle and load
Movements of the Upper Limb
- Movements of the upper limb:
- Scapula: elevation, depression, retraction, protraction, upward rotation, downward rotation
- Shoulder joint: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation
- Elbow joint: flexion, extension
- Radio-Ulnar joints: pronation, supination
- Wrist joint: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
- First Carpo-Metacarpal joint: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, opposition
- Metacarpo-Phalangeal joints: flexion, extension
- Interphalangeal joints: flexion, extension
Learning Outcomes
- To discuss/describe:
- The role of the upper limb in manipulation, sensation, communication, and body image
- Factors and structures involved in force transfer, movement, and stability in the above actions of the upper limb
- General role played by the various regions in manipulation, particularly the contribution of the joints
- General role played by bones, joints, muscles, and supply structures in actions of the upper limb
- Additional hand adaptations, including sensory innervation, skin, and finger pad structure
- Hand positions, anatomical, rest, function
- Grips, including power and precision grip
Topics of Interest
- Infant development of upper limb function, particularly grasp, power, and precision
- Primate evolution, precision grip
- Robot suits, exoskeletons
- Arthrodesis
Formative Assessment
- Single best answer questions
- Multiple answers may be correct or partly correct
- Best answer required
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Description
This quiz covers lecture notes on musculoskeletal anatomy, focusing on the upper limb, including its function, bones, joints, muscles, vessels, and nerves.
