Anatomy 2nd Year

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?

To provide structural support to the body

To produce movement of the body parts

To protect organs from microorganisms, injury, and fluid loss (correct)

To regulate body temperature

What type of connective tissue has a liquid matrix?

Fluid connective tissue (correct)

Fibrous connective tissue

Skeletal connective tissue

Adipose tissue

What is the characteristic of muscle tissue that enables it to produce movement?

Highly cellular and well supplied with blood vessels

Arranged in bundles or layers

Ability to shorten or contract (correct)

Cells are long and slender

What type of tissue comprises the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system?

Neural tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the non-living material between cells in connective tissue?

Extracellular matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue?

Function in the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cell membrane?

To control the passage of materials in and out of the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of facilitated diffusion in the cell membrane?

To selectively transport molecules across the membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the nucleus?

To store genetic materials Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the epithelial tissue?

To provide a barrier between the external environment and the organ it covers Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the chromosome?

To store genetic materials Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cell membrane in terms of cell shape?

To keep the shape and fixation of the cell body Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the muscle cells?

To have contractile elements to function in flexion and extension of joints Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cells of the fibrous tissue?

To be elongated and elastic to withstand deforming forces Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of the structure and design of the human body and its organs?

Anatomy Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the body divided into parts?

Regional anatomy Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms?

Cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest cell in the human body that can be seen by the naked eye?

Human egg (ovum) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the nucleus in a cell?

Controlling all the activities and cell multiplication Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the functional constituents of a cell?

Cell organelles Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the mitochondria in a cell?

Energy production necessary for all functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cell that has a nucleus?

Eukaryotic cell Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy

Anatomy is the science of structure and design of the organs and systems of the human body.
There are two main ways to study anatomy: regional anatomy and systemic anatomy.
Regional anatomy divides the body into parts, including:
- Head
- Neck
- Trunk
- Upper and lower limbs
Systemic anatomy studies the body systems, including:
- Skin
- Skeleton system
- Muscular system
- Respiratory system
- Cardiovascular system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- Nervous system
- Male and female reproductive system

The Cell and Tissues

The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms.
Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.
There are 300 different types of cells in the human body, differing in shape and size.
The human egg (ovum) is the largest cell in the body, visible to the naked eye.
There are two main types of cells:
- Eukaryotic cells (have a nucleus) - human cells
- Prokaryotic cells (no nucleus) - primitive cells

Cell Theory

All living things are composed of one or more cells.
Cells are the base unit of structure and function in an organism.
Cells come from the replication of existing cells.

Cell Organelles

Cell membrane: controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell, maintains cell shape and structure.
Nucleus: controls all cell activities, contains genetic materials (DNA and RNA).
Mitochondria: produces energy for cell functions.
Nucleolus: keeps chromosomes and cell identity.
Golgi body: manufactures and stores materials.
Ribosomes: produces proteins.

The Cell Membrane

The cell membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm, controlling the passage of materials in and out of the cell.
The cell membrane is composed of proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol.
The cell membrane has several functions, including:
- Diffusion
- Osmosis
- Facilitated diffusion
- Active transport
- Endocytosis and exocytosis

Cell Shape and Function

Cell shape differs according to tissue function.
Examples of cell shape and function:
- Neurons: long to transmit signals
- Blood cells: small to pass through capillaries
- Fibrous tissue cells: elongated and elastic to withstand deforming forces
- Mucous membrane cells: have cilia to sweep out foreign particles
- Muscle cells: have contractile elements to function in flexion and extension of joints
- Bone and cartilage cells: produce hard matrix to give rigidity to tissue

Tissues

Tissues are groups of cells that have a similar structure and act together to perform a specific function.
There are four main types of tissues in the human body:
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscular tissue
- Nervous tissue

Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial tissue is formed by cells that cover organ surfaces, such as the skin, airways, and soft organs.
Epithelial tissue provides a barrier between the external environment and the organ it covers.
Epithelial tissue also functions in secretion, excretion, and absorption.

Connective Tissue

Connective tissue is a type of fibrous tissue made up of cells separated by non-living material (extracellular matrix).
The extracellular matrix can be liquid or rigid.
Examples of connective tissue include:
- Blood
- Bone
- Tendon
- Ligament
- Adipose tissue
- Areolar tissue

Muscular Tissue

Muscular tissue is composed of cells that have the ability to shorten or contract to produce movement.
Muscular tissue is highly cellular and well-supplied with blood vessels.
Muscle cells are long and slender, and are arranged in bundles or layers surrounded by connective tissue.
There are three main types of muscle tissue:
- Skeletal muscle tissue
- Smooth muscle tissue
- Cardiac muscle tissue

Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue is composed of cells that make up the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
Nervous tissue forms the brain and spinal cord in the central nervous system.
Nervous tissue forms the cranial nerves and spinal nerves, including motor neurons, in the peripheral nervous system.

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Description

Introduction to anatomy, the science of structure and design of the human body, including regional and systemic anatomy.