Anatomy 1 Exam Review
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Questions and Answers

Which term describes the study of tissues?

  • Cytology
  • Histology (correct)
  • Anatomy
  • Physiology

Which of these pairs correctly matches a body region with its description?

  • Brachial - wrist
  • Cubital - elbow (correct)
  • Popliteal region - forearm
  • Antebrachial - thigh

What is the primary function of tight junctions in cells?

  • Store cellular energy
  • Connect cells to the extracellular matrix
  • Facilitate cell movement
  • Seal off passageways between cells (correct)

Which body system is NOT one of the 11 recognized body systems?

<p>Neurological (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body cavity divides the upper and lower sections of the body?

<p>Transverse cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'supine' refer to in anatomical position?

<p>Lying face up (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which cell junction do proteins link two cells and prevent separations?

<p>Tight junctions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proper sequence of steps in endochondrial ossification?

<p>Development of cartilage → Growth → Development of the primary ossification center → Development of the secondary ossification centers → Medullary cavity → Formation of articular cartilage and growth plate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is correctly matched with its description?

<p>Long bones have diaphysis and epiphysis like the femur. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding bone marrow is accurate?

<p>Yellow bone marrow stores fat and is located in restricted areas within spongy bone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of osteoclasts in the bone tissue?

<p>Resorb old bone tissue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes an elongated hole in bone structure?

<p>Fissure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium is primarily involved in absorption due to the presence of microvilli?

<p>Simple columnar epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is primarily responsible for storing energy?

<p>Adipose tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure links epithelial cells together like buttons and is crucial for tissue integrity, especially in muscle tissues?

<p>Desmosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of gland secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream without the use of ducts?

<p>Endocrine glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of keratin in epithelial tissue?

<p>To provide strength and protection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pseudostratified non-ciliated columnar epithelium is primarily found in which part of the body?

<p>Epididymis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium is described as being capable of transitioning between a relaxed and stretched state?

<p>Transitional epithelium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of holocrine glands?

<p>Whole cells disintegrate to release their contents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is characterized by a high degree of vascularization?

<p>Blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do osteoclasts play in the skeletal system?

<p>They crush bone and release calcium into the bloodstream. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the epidermis contains hard core keratin cells and lipids?

<p>Stratum granulosum layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the amount of melanin produced in the skin?

<p>Genetics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sweat gland is specifically described as a scent gland?

<p>Apocrine sweat gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Meissner's corpuscle?

<p>Detects minor touch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates during the formation of a blister?

<p>Dermis and epidermis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are primarily responsible for bone deposition?

<p>Osteoblasts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do melanocytes play in the skin?

<p>Produce melanin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process through which bone forms from mesenchymal tissue?

<p>Intramembranous ossification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the arrestor pili muscle?

<p>Create goosebumps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue primarily provides structural support and can be found in tendons and ligaments?

<p>Dense regular connective tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of connective tissue is specifically responsible for secreting histamine during pain activation?

<p>Mast cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage is noted for its toughness and is found in the intervertebral disks?

<p>Fibrous cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin is primarily composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

<p>Epidermis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what conditions can exocrine secretions be classified into holocrine, apocrine, and merocrine types?

<p>Epithelial tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue is found in the walls of large blood vessels and the dermis?

<p>Elastic connective tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does histamine affect blood vessels during an inflammatory response?

<p>Causes vasodilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between thin skin and thick skin?

<p>Thick skin has a greater number of layers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes cartilage tissue healing?

<p>Cartilage heals slowly since it is avascular and nutrient-poor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the subcutaneous layer play in the integumentary system?

<p>Houses adipose and areolar connective tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anatomy

The study of body structures.

Physiology

The study of how a body functions.

Histology

The study of tissues.

Sagittal Plane

A plane that divides the body into right and left sides.

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Coronal Plane

A plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

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Tight Junctions

Protein structures that seal off spaces between cells, preventing the passage of proteins.

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Cell Differentiation

The process where cells become specialized.

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Intramembranous ossification

Bone formation that occurs within connective tissue membranes, forming flat bones.

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Endochondrial ossification

Bone formation that begins with a hyaline cartilage model and is used to form most bones, except the clavicle.

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Bone tissue composition

Bone tissue is composed of 50% calcium & phosphate salts, 30% collagen fibers, and 20% water.

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Osteoblasts

Bone cells responsible for forming new bone tissue.

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Osteoclasts

Bone cells responsible for breaking down old bone tissue, a process called bone resorption.

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Layers of epidermis

The epidermis has several layers. Come, Let's Get Sunburned is a memory aid for the layers.

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Keratinocytes

Skin cells that produce keratin, a protein that makes skin tough.

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Epithelial Tissue Types

Epithelial tissue can be categorized as surface epithelium and granular epithelium. Surface epithelium covers body surfaces, while granular epithelium forms glands.

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Melanocytes

Skin cells that produce melanin, which determines skin color and protects from UV rays.

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Simple vs. Stratified Epithelium

Epithelial tissue can be classified as simple (one layer) or stratified (multiple layers) based on the number of cell layers.

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Glands and their types

Glands are structures composed of epithelial tissue which secrete substances. Exocrine glands have ducts, while endocrine glands do not.

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Vitiligo

An autoimmune disease causing white patches on the skin, impacting melanocytes.

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Dermal papilla

Nipple-shaped structure in the dermis, that supports the epidermis.

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Holocrine Gland Secretion

In holocrine glands, entire cells rupture releasing their secretory products.

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Apocrine Glands

In apocrine glands, the apical portion of the cell pinches off to release the secretory products.

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Papillary layer

Top layer of the dermis.

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Connective Tissue

A type of tissue that supports and connects other tissues in the body, It usually has cells with an extracellular matrix and is highly vascularized.

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Epithelial Tissue Functions

Epithelial tissue functions include protection, secretion, excretion, absorption, and sensory reception.

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Microvilli

Microscopic, finger-like projections on the surface of some epithelial cells. They increase surface area for absorption.

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Ossification

Process of bone formation.

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Desmosomes

Cell junctions that hold cells together and prevent them from stretching apart.

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Stratum basale

Deepest layer of the Epidermis.

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Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Connective tissue primarily composed of tightly packed collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles. Found in tendons and ligaments.

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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Connective tissue with collagen fibers arranged in a disorganized way. Found in areas requiring strength in multiple directions, like the dermis (skin) and sclera (eye).

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Loose Connective Tissue

Most abundant connective tissue type, providing support and packing materials around organs and structures.

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Adipose Connective Tissue

Fat tissue composed of adipocytes, specialized cells that store lipids. Provides insulation and cushioning.

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Cartilage Tissue

Avascular connective tissue providing support and cushioning. Composed of chondrocytes.

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Epithelial Tissue (general)

Tissue that covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands.

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Avascular Tissue (e.g.Cartilage)

Tissue without blood vessels. Healing is slower because nutrients travel more slowly.

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Integumentary System (general)

System composed of skin and its accessory structures (hair, nails, glands).

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Cutaneous Layer

Outer layer of the skin, containing the epidermis and dermis.

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Study Notes

Anatomy 1 Exam Review

  • Anatomy is the study of body structures
  • Physiology studies how the body functions
  • Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and body systems
  • The study of cells is cytology, and the study of tissues is histology
  • There are 11 body systems: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, endocrine, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive

Life Processes

  • Metabolism: chemical processes within the body
  • Growth: increase in size, number, or space between cells
  • Responsiveness: reacting to internal and external stimuli
  • Movement: of organs, walking, or other actions
  • Differentiation: specialized cells
  • Reproduction: cells or new organisms

Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques

  • Inspection: looking into the mouth or ears
  • Palpation: pushing on the stomach
  • Auscultation: listening to the heart or lungs
  • Percussion: tapping body parts to listen for sounds

Body Planes

  • Supine: lying down face up
  • Prone: lying down face down
  • Sagittal: divides right and left sections
  • Coronal: divides anterior and posterior
  • Transverse: divides upper and lower portions
  • Oblique: divides at an angle

Body Cavities

  • Dorsal cavity: cranial and vertebral cavities
  • Ventral cavity: thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
  • Parietal layers: walls of cavities
  • Visceral layers: cover internal organs

Other Anatomical Terms

  • Hallux: big toe
  • Pollex: thumb
  • Mesenteries: hold organs in place
  • Popliteal region: behind the knee
  • Antecubital region: forearm (blood draw area)
  • Cubital/Brachial: elbow/arm area

Cells and Tissues

  • Histology: study of cells and how they become tissues
  • Cells become tissues

Tissues

  • Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues
  • Cell junctions: tight, adhering, gap, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes

Epithelial Tissue

  • Avascular, tightly packed
  • Surface and granular types
  • Simple or stratified
  • Squamous, cuboidal, or columnar shapes
  • Transitional epithelium: flexible
  • Microvilli and cilia to increase surface area and absorption
  • Keratinized and non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Connective Tissue

  • Present throughout the body, supporting and connecting other tissues
  • Cells with extracellular matrix and highly vascularized
  • Dense, loose, elastic, adipose, bone, cartilage, blood, and lymph types

Glands

  • Composed of epithelial tissue
  • Endocrine and exocrine glands, with differences in duct presence and hormone secretion.

Integumentary System

  • Includes skin, hair, nails, cutaneous and subcutaneous layers
  • Function: protection, vitamin D production, temperature regulation, excretion, sensory reception
  • Epidermis (4 or 5 layers, including stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale) and dermis (dense fibrous connective tissue)

Skeletal System

  • Axial and appendicular divisions
  • Bone types: flat, irregular, long, short, sesamoid, pneumatized, and sutural. Locations of specific structures such as sutures, foramen, and condyles
  • Bone formation: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
  • Bones are made of spongy and compact bone, with red and yellow bone marrow

Other Important anatomical features

  • Cranial, facial, vertebral columns

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Anatomy 1 Exam Review PDF

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Prepare for your Anatomy 1 exam with this comprehensive review. Explore key concepts including body structures, life processes, and diagnostic techniques. Test your knowledge on terminology related to body systems and functions.

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